Servant Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior: The Mediating Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Amankwaa, A., Gyensare, M. A., and Susomrith, P. (2019). Transformational leadership with innovative behaviour. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(4), 402-420. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2018-0358
Amir, D. A. (2019). The effect of servant leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: the role of trust in leader as a mediation and perceived organizational support as a moderation. Journal of Leadership in Organizations, 1(1), 1-16.
Bavik, A., Bavik, Y. L., and Tang, P. M. (2017). Servant leadership, employee job crafting, and citizenship behaviors: A cross-level investigation. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 58(4), 364-373.
Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Bottomley, P., Mostafa, A. M. S., Gould?Williams, J. S., and León?Cázares, F. (2016). The impact of transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behaviours: The contingent role of public service motivation. British Journal of Management, 27(2), 390-405.
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
Cai, W., Lysova, E. I., Khapova, S. N., and Bossink, B. A. (2018). Servant leadership and innovative work behavior in Chinese high-tech firms: A moderated mediation model of meaningful work and job autonomy. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-13.
Capaldi, E. J. (1992). The organization of behavior. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 25(3), 575-577.
Carter, D., and Baghurst, T. (2014). The influence of servant leadership on restaurant employee engagement. Journal of business ethics, 124(3), 453-464.
Chen, C.-J., and Huang, J.-W. (2009). Strategic human resource practices and innovation performance—The mediating role of knowledge management capacity. Journal of Business Research, 62(1), 104-114.
Tsai, C. J., and Kang, T.-C. (2019). Reciprocal intention in knowledge seeking: Examining social exchange theory in an online professional community. International Journal of Information Management, 48, 161-174.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.02.008
Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 655-690). Springer.
Chiniara, M., and Bentein, K. (2016). Linking servant leadership to individual performance: Differentiating the mediating role of autonomy, competence and relatedness need satisfaction. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(1), 124-141.
Chiniara, M., and Bentein, K. (2018). The servant leadership advantage: When perceiving low differentiation in leader-member relationship quality influences team cohesion, team task performance and service OCB. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(2), 333-345.
Choi, S. B., Kim, K., Ullah, S. M. E., and Kang, S.-W. (2016). How transformational leadership facilitates innovative behavior of Korean workers. Personnel Review, 45(3), 459-479. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2014-0058
Constance, N. W., Zawawi, D., Karim, J., Mansor, S. A., Sentosa, I., Nerina, R., . . . Zawawi, D. (2019). Supervisory Justice, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Innovative Behavior: The Mediating Role of Tacit Knowledge Sharing Among Nurses. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics & Management Sciences, 8(4), 27-47.
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of applied psychology, 78(1), 98.
Cropanzano, R., and Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of management, 31(6), 874-900.
De Jong, J., and Hartog, D. (2010). Measuring innovative work behaviour. Creativity and innovation management, 19(1), 23-36.
De Muylder, C. F., Araújo, L. A., La Falce, J. L., and Mesquita, de L. S. R. (2021). Analysis of the Perception of Managers and Employees about Innovative Behavior in the Automobile Industry. Gestão & Regionalidade, 37(112), 63-83.
Dirks, K. T., and Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), 611.
Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit?level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel psychology, 57(1), 61-94.
Elche, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., and Linuesa-Langreo, J. (2020). Servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating effect of empathy and service climate. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2035-2053.
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., and Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111-132.
Faraz, N. A., Mughal, M. F., Ahmed, F., Raza, A., and Iqbal, M. K. (2019). The impact of servant leadership on employees’ innovative work behaviour-mediating role of psychological empowerment. Int. J. Manag. Sci. Bus. Adm, 5(11), 10-21.
Farh, J.-L., Zhong, C.-B., and Organ, D. W. (2004). Organizational citizenship behavior in the People's Republic of China. Organization science, 15(2), 241-253.
Farr, J. L., and Ford, C. M. (1990). Individual innovation. John Wiley & Sons.
Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gilmore, P. L., Hu, X., Wei, F., Tetrick, L. E., and Zaccaro, S. J. (2013). Positive affectivity neutralizes transformational leadership's influence on creative performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of organizational behavior, 34(8), 1061-1075.
Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
Greenleaf, R. K. (1979). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Business Horizons, 22(3), 91-92.
Hair, F. J., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., and Kuppelwieser, G. V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European business review, 26(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., and Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice-Hall.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., and Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24.
Hammond, M. M., Neff, N. L., Farr, J. L., Schwall, A. R., and Zhao, X. (2011). Predictors of individual-level innovation at work: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5(1), 90-105.
Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago press.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135.
Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., and Wu, D. (2018). Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? A meta-analysis. Journal of management, 44(2), 501-529.
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American journal of sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
Hong, Y., Liao, H., Raub, S., and Han, J. H. (2016). What it takes to get proactive: An integrative multilevel model of the antecedents of personal initiative. Journal of applied psychology, 101(5), 687-701.
Hughes, D. J., Lee, A., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., and Legood, A. (2018). Leadership, creativity, and innovation: A critical review and practical recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(5), 549-569.
Hunter, E. M., Neubert, M. J., Perry, S. J., Witt, L., Penney, L. M., and Weinberger, E. (2013). Servant leaders inspire servant followers: Antecedents and outcomes for employees and the organization. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(2), 316-331.
Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., and Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader-member exchange and citizenship behaviors: a meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 92(1), 269-277.
Iqbal, A., Latif, K. F., and Ahmad, M. S. (2020). Servant leadership and employee innovative behaviour: exploring psychological pathways. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(6), 813-827. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2019-0474.
Jaiswal, N. K., and Dhar, R. L. (2017). The influence of servant leadership, trust in leader and thriving on employee creativity. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(1), 2-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-02-2015-0017
Jan, G., Zainal, M. S. R., and Panezai, B. A. (2021). Service innovative work behavior in the hotel firms: The role of servant leadership and harmonious passion. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 1-17.
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort?reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and organizational psychology, 73(3), 287-302.
Javed, B., Khan, A. K., and Quratulain, S. (2018). Inclusive leadership and innovative work behavior: examination of LMX perspective in small capitalized textile firms. The Journal of psychology, 152(8), 594-612.
Khan, M. M., Mubarik, M. S., and Islam, T. (2021). Leading the innovation: role of trust and job crafting as sequential mediators relating servant leadership and innovative work behavior. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(5), 1547-1568. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-05-2020-0187
Khan, M. M., Mubarik, M. S., Islam, T., Rehman, A., Ahmed, S. S., Khan, E., and Sohail, F. (2021). How servant leadership triggers innovative work behavior: exploring the sequential mediating role of psychological empowerment and job crafting. European Journal of Innovation Management, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print).
https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-09-2020-0367
Khaola, P. P., and Sephelane, R. (2013). Leadership, organisational citizenship and innovative work behaviours in Lesotho: Exploratory evidence. Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 4(2), 46-58.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Krog, C. L., and Govender, K. (2015). The relationship between servant leadership and employee empowerment, commitment, trust and innovative behaviour: A project management perspective. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1), 1-12.
Lee, K., and Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: the role of affect and cognitions. Journal of applied psychology, 87(1), 131.
Li, X., and Zheng, Y. (2014). The influential factors of employees’ innovative behavior and the management advices. Journal of Service Science and Management, 7(06), 446-450.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., and Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance. Academy of management journal, 57(5), 1434-1452.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., and Liao, C. (2015). Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 254-269.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., and Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161-177.
Madison, K., and Eva, N. (2019). Social exchange or social learning: a theoretical fork in road for servant leadership researchers. In Leading for high performance in Asia (pp. 133-158). Springer.
Mayer, D. M., Bardes, M., and Piccolo, R. F. (2008). Do servant-leaders help satisfy follower needs? An organizational justice perspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17(2), 180-197.
Neubert, M. J., Kacmar, K. M., Carlson, D. S., Chonko, L. B., and Roberts, J. A. (2008). Regulatory focus as a mediator of the influence of initiating structure and servant leadership on employee behavior. Journal of applied psychology, 93(6), 1220-1233.
Newman, A., Neesham, C., Manville, G., and Tse, H. H. (2018). Examining the influence of servant and entrepreneurial leadership on the work outcomes of employees in social enterprises. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(20), 2905-2926.
Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., and Sendjaya, S. (2017). How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of business ethics, 145(1), 49-62.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books/DC Heath and Com.
Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior. Research in organizational behavior, 12(1), 43-72.
Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time. Human performance, 10(2), 85-97.
Parris, D. L., and Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of business ethics, 113(3), 377-393.
Patterson, K. A. (2003). Servant leadership: A theoretical model. Regent University.
Pekerti, A. A., Sendjaya, S., and Ayoko, O. B. (2009). Gratitude that changes attitude: Positive organisational behaviour as responses to servant leadership. Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference. Promaco Conventions Pty Ltd,
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., and Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., and Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of management, 26(3), 513-563.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., and Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual review of psychology, 63, 539-569.
Prahalad, C. K., and Ramaswamy, V. (2003). The new frontier of experience innovation. MIT Sloan management review, 44(4), 12-19.
Rasheed, A., Lodhi, R. N., and Habiba, U. (2016). An empirical study of the impact of servant leadership on employee innovative work behavior with the mediating effect of work engagement: Evidence from banking sector of Pakistan. Global Management Journal for Academic & Corporate Studies, 6(2), 177-190.
Reed, L. (2016). Servant leadership, followership, and organizational citizenship behaviors in 9-1-1 emergency communications centers: Implications of a national study. Servant Leadership: Theory & Practice, 2(1), 71-94.
Scott, S. G., and Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of management journal, 37(3), 580-607.
Shalley, C. E., and Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53.
Sharma, A., and Bhatnagar, J. (2014). Innovative work behavior: The role of organizational citizenship behavior, transformational leadership and psychological empowerment among knowledge workers in India. Global Conference on Managing in Recovering Markets. MDI, Gurgaon,
Skarlicki, D. P., and Latham, G. P. (1996). Increasing citizenship behavior within a labor union: A test of organizational justice theory. Journal of applied psychology, 81(2), 161-169.
Skarlicki, D. P., and Latham, G. P. (1997). Leadership training in organizational justice to increase citizenship behavior within a labor union: A replication. Personnel psychology, 50(3), 617-633.
Smith, C., Organ, D. W., and Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of applied psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
Somech, A., and Oplatka, I. (2014). Organizational citizenship behavior in schools: Examining the impact and opportunities within educational systems. Routledge.
Su, W., Lyu, B., Chen, H., and Zhang, Y. (2020). How does servant leadership influence employees' service innovative behavior? The roles of intrinsic motivation and identification with the leader. Baltic Journal of Management, 15(4), 571-586. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-09-2019-0335
Tuan, T. L. (2017). Knowledge sharing in public organizations: The roles of servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Public Administration, 40(4), 361-373.
Turnipseed, P. H., and Turnipseed, D. L. (2013). Testing the proposed linkage between organizational citizenship behaviours and an innovative organizational climate. Creativity and innovation management, 22(2), 209-216.
Utami, N. M. S., Sapta, I., VERAWATI, Y., and Astakoni, I. (2021). Relationship between workplace spirituality, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(1), 507-517.
Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of management, 37(4), 1228-1261.
Van Dierendonck, D., and Rook, L. (2010). Servant Leadership. Springer.
Vandyne, L., Cummings, L. L., and Parks, J. M. (1995). Extra-role behaviors-in pursuit of construct and definitional clarity (a bridge over muddied waters). Research in Organizational Behavior: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews, 17, 215-285.
Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., and Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: a cross-level investigation. Journal of applied psychology, 95(3), 517-529.
Wang, Z., Meng, L., and Cai, S. (2019). Servant leadership and innovative behavior: a moderated mediation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(8), 505-518. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2018-0499
West, M., Farr, J., West, M., and Farr, J. (1990). Innovation at work, Innovation creativity at work. Psychological and organizational strategies, 3-13.
Widodo, W., and Mawarto, M. (2020). Investigating the role of innovative behavior in mediating the effect of transformational leadership and talent management on performance. Management Science Letters, 2175-2182.
https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.3.019
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., and Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a Theory of Organizational Creativity. Academy of management review, 18(2), 293-321.
Xerri, M. (2013). Workplace Relationships and the Innovative Behaviour of Nursing Employees: A social Exchange Perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 51(1), 103-123.
Xerri, M. J., and Brunetto, Y. (2013). Fostering Innovative Behaviour: The Importance of Employee Commitment and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(16), 3163-3177.
Yidong, T., and Xinxin, L. (2013). How ethical leadership influence employees’ innovative work behavior: A perspective of intrinsic motivation. Journal of business ethics, 116(2), 441-455.
Yoshida, D. T., Sendjaya, S., Hirst, G., and Cooper, B. (2014). Does servant leadership foster creativity and innovation? A multi-level mediation study of identification and prototypicality. Journal of Business Research, 67(7), 1395-1404.
Yuan, F., and Woodman, R. W. (2010). Innovative behavior in the workplace: The role of performance and image outcome expectations. Academy of management journal, 53(2), 323-342.
Zhao, C., Liu, Y., and Gao, Z. (2016). An identification perspective of servant leadership’s effects. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(5), 898-913.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2014-0250
Zhu, C., and Zhang, F. (2020). How does servant leadership fuel employee innovative behavior? A moderated mediation framework. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 58(3), 356-377.

In-Text Citation: (Alajhar & Salam, 2022)
To Cite this Article: Alajhar, N. A., & Salam, M. A. (2022). Servant Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior: The Mediating Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(4), 307–328.

Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode