Bitcoin is recognized as the preeminent virtual currency, holding a superior position among other cryptocurrencies. As a decentralized currency, it aims to transform the global monetary landscape and possesses the potential to innovate across various sectors, including voting, gambling regulations, energy, and business practices. This study critically examines the prospective applications of blockchain technology and its ramifications for Bitcoin as a novel form of asset, property, and currency, approached from a Shariah Maqasid perspective. The research emphasizes the current legal status of Bitcoin as an innovative property form, addressing its legal implications. Furthermore, it explores the potential impacts of this technology on diverse stakeholders and presents a proposed model for income distribution rooted in its implementation.
Al-Fayyumi, A. I. M. (1987). Al-Misbah Al-Munir. Maktabah Lubnan.
Al-Ghazali, A. H. M. I. M. (1994). Al-Mustasfa min 'Ilm Al-Usul. Dar Al-Arqam Ibn Abi Al-Arqam.
Aghajanyan, S. (2022). The Decision-making Process and Bitcoin: How millennials' perception of what is trustworthy, useful, and safe is changing.
Alnabulsi, K. (2024). Asset tokenization in real estate: Theoretical perspectives and empirical approaches. Blockchain in Real Estate: Theoretical Advances and New Empirical Applications, 153-168.
Al-Razi, M. I. U. (1997). Al-Mahsul fi 'Ilm Usul Al-. Mu’assasat al-Risalah.
Al-Shatibi, I. I. M. (1997). Al-Muwafaqat [Review of Al-Muwafaqat]. Dar Ibn Affan.
Attia, G. E. (2007). Towards Realization of the Higher Intents of Islamic Law: Maqasid Al-Shari'ah: A Functional Approach. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT).
Auda, J. (2008). Maqasid al-shariah: A beginner's guide (Vol. 14). International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT).
Auda, J. (2022). Maqasid Methodology for Re-Envisioning Islamic Higher Education. Journal of Contemporary Maqasid Studies, 1(1), 31-58.
Al-Wansharisi, A. I. Y. (2006). Idhah Al-Masalik ila Qawaid Al-Imam Abd Allah Malik. Dar Ibn Hazm.
Baderin, M. A. (2021). Islamic Law: A Very Short Introduction (Vol. 662). Oxford University Press, USA.
Baiod, W., Light, J., & Mahanti, A. (2021). Blockchain technology and its applications across multiple domains: A survey. Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 29(4), 78-119.
Baur, D. G., & Dimpfl, T. (2021). The volatility of Bitcoin and its role as a medium of exchange and a store of value. Empirical Economics, 61(5), 2663-2683.
Campbell-Verduyn, M. (2018). Bitcoin, crypto-coins, and global anti-money laundering governance. Crime, Law and Social Change, 69, 283-305.
Chandrasekera, S. (2021). Regulatory Ambiguity and Its Impact on Blockchain. In The Emerald Handbook of Blockchain for Business (pp. 241-255). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Dabbous, A., Merhej Sayegh, M. and Aoun Barakat, K. (2022). "Understanding the adoption of cryptocurrencies for financial transactions within a high-risk context", Journal of Risk Finance, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRF-10-2021-0169
De Haan, J., Schoenmaker, D., & Wierts, P. (2020). Financial markets and institutions: A European perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Fauzi, M. A., Paiman, N., & Othman, Z. (2020). Bitcoin and cryptocurrency: Challenges, opportunities and future works. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(8), 695-704.
Gad, A. G., Mosa, D. T., Abualigah, L., & Abohany, A. A. (2022). Emerging trends in blockchain technology and applications: A review and outlook. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 34(9), 6719-6742.
Glasner, D. (2021). Studies in the History of Monetary Theory. Springer International Publishing.
Grossman, M. (2022). Blockchain in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): opportunities for regional integration and economic growth. Journal of International Business and Management, 5(5), 01-19.
Habib, F. (2021). A critical analysis of Bitcoin from an Islamic legal perspective. Fintech, Digital Currency and the Future of Islamic Finance: Strategic, Regulatory and Adoption Issues in the Gulf Cooperation Council, 9-29.
Hairudin, A., Sifat, I. M., Mohamad, A., & Yusof, Y. (2022). Cryptocurrencies: A survey on acceptance, governance and market dynamics. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 27(4), 4633-4659.
Hanif, M. (2020). Developing a fair currency system. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 12(3), 325-345.
Harinam, V., & Ariel, B. (2024). The Role of Law Enforcement in the Regulation of Cryptomarkets (and the Limited Role of Deterrence). In Law Enforcement Strategies for Disrupting Cryptomarkets: A Practical Guide to Network Structure, Trust Dynamics, and Agent-Based Modelling Approaches (pp. 49-83). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Hashem, M. (2024). Maqasid Al-Shari'ah: A Civilizational Perspective. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT).
He, Z. (2024). Authenticating Account Balances in the Bitcoin Ecosystem via Merkle Trees. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 85, 494-500.
Ibn Abd Al-Salam, I. D. I. A. A. (1991). Qawaid Al-Ahkam fi Masalih Al-Anam. Maktabah Al-Kulliyyat Al-Azhariyyah.
Ibn Ashur, M. T. I M. (2001). Maqasid Al-Shariah Al-Islamiyyah. Dar Al-Nafa’is.
Ibn Faris, A. H. A. (1979). Mu’jam Maqayis Al-Lughah. Dar Al-Fikr.
Ibn Qayyim, M. I. A. B. (1996). I’lam Al-Muwaqqi’in 'an Rab Al-'Alamin. Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah.
Ibn Taymiyyah, A. I. A. H. (2004). Majmu’ Fatawa Shaykh Al-Islam Ahmad Ibn Taymiyyah. Mujamma’ Al-Malik Fahd li Taba’at Al-Mushaf Al-Sharif.
Islahi, A. A. (2024). Philosophy of Money in Islam. In The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Money: Volume 1: Ancient and Medieval Thought (pp. 693-706). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Lanteri, A. (2024). Financial Social Innovations: A New Framework to Understand the Social Innovations Disrupting the World of Finance, from Crowdfunding to Bitcoin. Taylor & Francis.
Laroiya, C., Saxena, D., & Komalavalli, C. (2020). Applications of blockchain technology. In Handbook of research on blockchain technology (pp. 213-243). Academic press.
Minhat, M., Abdullah, M., Dzolkarnaini, N., & Sapiei, N. S. (2023). Cryptocurrency Risk and Governance Challenges. Taylor & Francis.
Muslim, I. H. (2006). Sahih Muslim. Dar Taybah.
Nabilou, H. (2020). Testing the waters of the Rubicon: the European Central Bank and central bank digital currencies. Journal of Banking Regulation, 21(4), 299-314.
Pandey, R., Faiyaz, M. S., Singh, G., & Uddin, Z. (2023). Functional analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms. In Distributed Computing to Blockchain (pp. 207-233). Academic Press.
Peneder, M. (2022). Digitization and the evolution of money as a social technology of account. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 32(1), 175-203.
Redish, A. (2024). Bimetallism. In Handbook of Cliometrics (pp. 1697-1718). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Sanka, A. I., Irfan, M., Huang, I., & Cheung, R. C. (2021). A survey of breakthrough in blockchain technology: Adoptions, applications, challenges and future research. Computer communications, 169, 179-201.
Santos-Alborna, A. (2021). Understanding Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Altcoins as an Asset Class. Business Expert Press.
Schar, F., & Berentsen, A. (2020). Bitcoin, Blockchain, and cryptoassets: a comprehensive introduction. MIT press.
Singh, S. (2024). Bitcoin's Genesis: A Catalyst for Digital Currency. In Exploring Central Bank Digital Currencies: Concepts, Frameworks, Models, and Challenges (pp. 21-32). IGI Global.
Taskinsoy, J. (2021). Bitcoin: A New Digital Gold Standard in the 21st Century?. Available at SSRN 3941857.
Umar, M., Su, C. W., Rizvi, S. K. A., & Shao, X. F. (2021). Bitcoin: A safe haven asset and a winner amid political and economic uncertainties in the US?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, p. 167, 120680.
White, R., Marinakis, Y., Islam, N., & Walsh, S. (2020). Is Bitcoin a currency, a technology-based product, or something else?. Technological forecasting and social change, 151, 119877.
Rani, M. A. H. C., Kamalulai, M. J., & Awang, A. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Bitcoin as a New form of Property on the Maqasid Shariah: Maslahah and Mafsadah Perspective. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(11), 717–727.
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode