Numerous businesses in any country, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), have been forced to close due to their government's decision to impose a movement control order (MCO) to contain the Pandemic. Unfortunately, this most recent COVID-19 puts the majority of SMEs in danger of increased debt and makes it more difficult to conduct business as usual. Change is necessary for these conditions. All entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized businesses seek to execute change and be resilient, but they face numerous barriers. As a result, training effectiveness may be more beneficial to an entrepreneur because this need relates to competencies, self-congruency, and self-determination. Effective training occurs when trainees use their knowledge in the workplace, resulting in major changes. It is crucial since it is offered periodically, resulting in significant increases in entrepreneurs' performance and resilience. This study aims to determine the impact of change management and training effectiveness on entrepreneurs' resilience during the COVID 19 transition period to assist entrepreneurs in overcoming their fear of failure and developing resilience and self-regulation abilities to deal with adversity. The conceptual model was developed based on social cognitive theory. According to social cognitive theory's concept of reciprocal determinism, an entrepreneur might function simultaneously as an agent of change and a responder to change. The effectiveness of an entrepreneur's training, in conjunction with environmental changes, can promote resilient behavior and attitude.
Asadzadeh, A. T., Kotter, P., Salehi, J. B. (2017). Operationalizing a concept: The systematic review of composite indicator building for measuring community disaster resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 25 pp. 147-162
Almansour, A. Z., Asad, M., & Shahzad, I. (2016). Analysis of corporate governance compliance and its impact over return on assets of listed companies in Malaysia. Science International, 28(3), 2935-2938.
Alkhuzaie, A. S., & Asad, M. (2018). Operating cashflow, corporate governance, and sustainable dividend payout. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(4), 1-9.
Asad, M. (2011). Working capital management and corporate performance of textile sector in Pakistan. Paradigms: A Research Journal of Commerce, Economics and Social Sciences, 6(1), 100-114. doi:10.24312/paradigms060101
Asad, M., & Qadeer, H. (2014). Components of working capital and profitability: A case of fuel and energy sector of Pakistan. Pardigms A Journal of Commerce, Economics, and Social Sciences, 8(1), 50-64. doi:10.24312/paradigms08010
Aziz, S. F. (2015). Developing General Training Effectiveness Scale for the Malaysian Workplace Learning. Mediterranean journal of social sciences, 6, 47-56.
Bouaziz, F., & Hachicha, Z. S. (2018). Strategic human resource management practices
and organizational resilience. Journal of Management Development, 37(7), 537–551.
Brammer, S., Branicki, L., & Linnenluecke, M. K. (2020). COVID-19, Socialization, and the Future of Business in Society. Academy of Management Perspectives, 34(4), 493–507.
Bryce, C., Ring, P., Ashby, S., & Wardman, J. K. (2020). Resilience in the face of uncertainty: Early lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 880–887.
Bullough, A., Renko, M., & Myatt, T. (2014). Danger zone entrepreneurs: The importance of resilience and self–efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(3), 473–499. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12006
Buoy, L. (2002) Employees' Perceptions as 'Recipients' of Change: A Case Study. Doctoral Thesis, Curtin University of Technology, Graduate School of Business, Perth.
Chadwick, I. C., & Raver, J. L. (2020). Psychological resilience and its downstream effects for business survival in nascent entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice,44(2), 233-255.https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718801597
Corner, P. D., Singh, S., & Pavlovich, K. (2017). Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure. International Small Business Journal, 35(6): 687-708.
Cooper, H., Hedges, L. V., and Valentine, J. C. (Eds.) (2019) The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
https://doi.org/10.7758/9781610448864
Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., and Noe, R. A. (2000), "Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85 No. 5, pp. 678-707.
Dahles, H., & Susilowati, T. P. (2015). Business resilience in times of growth and crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 51, 34–50.
Donthu, N., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 284–289.
Duchek, S. (2018). Entrepreneurial resilience: A biographical analysis of successful entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 429–455.
European Commission. (2020). "Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)." Accessed June 29, 2020.
Jonas, E., Muhlberger, C., Eohm, B, A., and Esser, V. (2017), “Soziale austausch- und Interdependenzprozesse im karrieremanagement: training, coaching, mentoring und supervision in einem sozialpsychologischen Vergleich [Social exchange and interdependence processes at career management: Training, coaching, mentoring and supervision in social psychological comparison]”, in Kauffeld, S. and Spurk, D. (Eds), Handbuch Laufbahnmanagement und Karriereplanung, Springer, Berlin, pp. 1-35.
Grimolizzi-Jensen, C. J. (2017). Organizational change: Effect of motivational interviewing on Readiness to Change. Journal of Change Management, 18(1), 54–69.
Goldstein, I. L., & Ford, J. K. (2002). Training in organizations: Needs assessment, development, and evaluation (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Harteloh, P. P. M. (2003) The Meaning of Quality in Health Care: A Conceptual Analysis. Health Care Analysis, 11, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HCAN.0000005497.53458.ef
Hayward, M. L. A., Forster, W. R., Sarasvathy, S. D., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Beyond hubris: How highly confident entrepreneurs rebound to venture again.Journal of Business Venturing,25(6), 569-578.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.03.002
Horne III, J. F. (1997). The coming age of organizational resilience. Paper presented at the Business Forum. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Iborra, M., Safon, V., & Dolz, C. (2019). What explains the resilience of SMEs? Ambidexterity capability and strategic consistency. Long Range Planning, 53(6), 101947.
Islam, A. (2020). Factors affecting sustainable business growth of SMEs during Covid-19 crisis: The mediating role of strategic entrepreneurship practices. Emerald Open Research.
Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: Major findings and directions for future research.
International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116–133.
Khalil, R., Asad, M., & Khan, S. N. (2018). Management motives behind the revaluation of fixed assets for sustainability of entrepreneurial companies. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(Special), 1-9.
Kirkpatrick, D. L., and Kirkpatrick, J. D. (2010), Evaluating training programs: The four levels (3 ed.), USA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers
Kirkpatrick, D. (1959), "Techniques for evaluating training programs", In Kirkpatrick, D. (1996), "Great ideas revisited: Revisiting Kirkpatrick's four-level model", Training and Development, Vol. 50, pp. 54-57.
Kirkpatrick, D. (1996), "Great ideas revisited: Revisiting Kirkpatrick's four-level model", Training and Development, Vol. 50, pp. 54-57.
Korber, S., & McNaughton, R. B. (2018). Resilience and entrepreneurship: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(7), 1129–1154
Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., and Salas, E. (1993), "Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78, pp. 311-328.
Lee, A. V., Vargo, J., & Seville, E. (2013). Developing a tool to measure and compare organizations' resilience. Natural Hazards Review, 14(1), 29–41.
Losch, S., Zanchetta, M., and Traut-Mattausch, E. (2018), Wann wirkt was am besten? Die relative Wirksamkeit von Coaching und Training im Kontext berufsbezogener Themen, [What is the Best? The Relative Effectiveness of Coaching and Training Regarding Career Topics], Olten Coaching Congress Presentation, Olten.
Noe, R. A. (2012), Employee training and development (5 ed.), Boston: McGraw Hill.
OECD. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19): SME Policy Responses, s.l.: OECD
Ortiz-de-Mandojana, N., & Bansal, P. (2016). The long-term benefits of organizational resilience through sustainable business practices. Strategic Management Journal, 37(8), 1615–1631.
Pettigrew, A. M., Woodman, R. W., & Cameron, K. S. (2001). Studying organizational change and development: Challenges for future research. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 697-713.
Ployhart, R. E., and Hale, D. (2014), "The fascinating psychological micro-foundations of strategy and competitive advantage," Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 145-172.
Ratten, V. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and sport entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(6), 1379–1388.
Roshnee Ramsaran-Fowdar, R. (2008) The Relative Importance of Service Dimensions in a Healthcar Setting. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 21, 104-124. https://doi.org/10.1108/09526860810841192
Ruiz-Martin, C., Lopez-Paredes, A., & Wainer, G. (2018). What we know and do not know about organizational resilience. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering, 6(1), 11-28.
Santoro, G., Messeni-Petruzzelli, A. and Del Giudice, M. (2020), "Searching for resilience: the impact of employee-level and entrepreneur-level resilience on firm performance in small family firms," Small Business Economics, available at:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00319-x
Seetharaman, P. (2020). Business models shifts: Impact of COVID-19. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102173.
Shepherd, D. A. (2020). COVID 19 and entrepreneurship: Time to pivot?. Journal of Management Studies, 57(8), 1750-1753.
Stewart, J., Kringas, P. (2003). Change management strategy and value: Six case studies from the Australian public sector. University of Canberra, ACT: Centre for Research in Public Sector Management
Brook, S., and Stewart, J. (2000) Factors Influencing Learning in European Learning Oriented Organizations. Journal of European Industrial and Training, 24, 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590010321179
Szamosi, L. T., & Duxbury, L. (2002).Development of a measure to assess organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management 15(2) 184-201.
Tusaie, K., and Dyer, J. (2004), "Resilience: a historical review of the construct," Holistic Nursing Practice, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 3-10.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on trade and development: Transitioning to a new normal. https://unctad.org/ system/files/official-document/osg2020d1_en.pdf
Williams, T. A., & Shepherd, D. A. (2016a). Building resilience or providing sustenance: Different paths of emergent ventures in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake.Academy of Management Journal,59(6),2069-2102.https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0682
Williams, T. A., & Shepherd, D. A. (2016b). Victim entrepreneurs doing well by doing good: Venturecreation and well-being in the aftermath of a resource shock.Journal of Business Venturing,31(4),365-387.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.04.002
Wishart, M. (2018): Business resilience in an SME context: A literature review Enterprise Research Centre, Coventry. https://www.enterpriseresearch.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ Resilience-review-Final.pdf (downloaded: 27 April 2020).
Zahra, S. A. (2020). International entrepreneurship in the post-Covid world. Journal of World Business, 101143.
In-Text Citation: (Shafie et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Shafie, D. I. B., Santhanamery, T., & Khalid, N. A. (2022). The Impact of Change Management and Training Effectiveness on Entrepreneur’s Resilience During The Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(7), 1983– 1992.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode