As Malaysia steps closer to become a high-income nation, it is time for all citizens to aspire to at least a minimum acceptable standard of living. The rising cost of living poses difficulties for households to maintain an adequate standard of living. This study aims to investigate the living wage of household in Kota Kinabalu. In this context, a household refers to an individual or a group of individuals, whether related or not, who live together in the same house and make economic decisions together. The living wage calculation in this study applied the Anker Formula. For data collection, this study employs a quantitative approach strategy in which self-developed questionnaires are distributed to respondents around Kota Kinabalu. The study results indicates that the total living wage needed for the household with different number of full-time workers is slightly different. Overall, the living wage needed for a worker living in Kota Kinabalu area are RM 2541.36 per month to be able to afford a minimum satisfactory living standard. Previous literature shows that housing cost, food cost, transportation cost, communication cost, healthcare cost, education cost, household size, number of full-time workers and savings are the factors that significantly influenced the living wage. On this basis, the authorities should emphasize more on these factors when setting the minimum wage policy particularly in the urban area such as Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
Agensi Kaunseling dan Pengurusan Kredit. (2018). Financial Behaviour and State of Financial Well-being of Malaysian Working Adults. Kuala Lumpur: Agensi Kaunseling dan Pengurusan Kredit (AKPK).
Anker, R. (2011). Estimating a Living Wage: A Methodological Review. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization 2011.
Anker, R., & Anker, M. (2017). Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781786431462
Asadullah, M. N., & Joseph, J. (2018, September 6). Concern over rising inequality in Sabah. Retrieved from The Edge Markets:
https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/concern-over-rising-inequality-sabah
Borhan, M. N., Ibrahim, A. N., Syamsunur, D., & Rahmat, R. A. (2019). Why Public Bus is a Less Attractive Mode of Transport: A Case Study of Putrajaya, Malaysia. Periodica PolytechnicaTransportation Engineering, 47(1), 82-90.
doi:https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.9228
Bourne, R. (2018). Government and the Cost of Living. Washington DC: Cato Institute. Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa_847.pdf
Chiappero-Martinetti, E. (2014). Basic Needs. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (2014 ed.). Springer, Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5
Chong, E., & Khong, F. A. (2018). The Living Wage: Beyond Making Ends Meet. Monetary Policy Department. Kuala Lumpur: Bank Negara Malaysia. Retrieved from
https://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_publication&pg=en_work_papers&ac=62&bb=file
Dawani, K., Sayeed, A., Anker, R., & Anker, M. (2019). Updating Anker Methodology Living Wage Estimates: Methodological Issues and Guidelines. Global Living Wage Coalition.
Department of Statistic Malaysia. (2019). Household Expenditure Survey Report. Putrajaya: Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Retrieved from
file:///C:/Users/Hp/Downloads/HES_Malaysia.pdf
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2020). Current Population Estimates. Putrajaya: Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2020, July 10). Household Income & Basic Amenities Survey Report 2019. Retrieved from Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal: https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=120&bul_id=TU00TmRhQ1N5TUxHVWN0T2VjbXJYZz09&menu_id=amVoWU54UTl0a21NWmdhMjFMMWcyZz09
Driscoll, C., & Saulnier, C. (2020). Living Wages in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 2020. Nova Scotia: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Glasmeier, A. K. (2017). Living Wage Rate Tied to the Cost of Housing and Child Care. Retrieved from Living Wage Calculator: https://livingwage.mit.edu/articles/24-living-wage-rate-tied-to-the-cost-of-housing-and-child-care
Hamid, H. A., Son, G. H., & Ismail, S. (2019). Demarcating Households: An Integrated Income and Consumption Analysis. Khazanah Research Institute. Retrieved from http://www.krinstitute.org/assets/contentMS/img/template/editor/Demarcating%20Households_Discussion%20Paper.pdf
Inchiem, N. A., Bujang, I., Matahir, H., & Nipo, D. T. (2020). Factors Influencing The Living Wage In East Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics, 7(1), 95-111. Retrieved from file:///G:/2834-Article%20Text-9792-1-10-20210108.pdf
King, P., & Waldegrave, C. (2012). Report of an investigation into defining a living wage for New Zealand. Family Centre Social Policy Research Unit. Retrieved from https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/nzlivingwage/pages/129/attachments/original/1434872250/Living_Wage_Investigation_Report.pdf?1434872250
Koris, R., Nor, N. M., Haron, S. A., Hamid, T. A., Aljunid, S. M., Nur, A. M., . . . Maimaiti, N. (2019). The Cost of Healthcare among Malaysian Community-Dwelling Elderly. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 53(1), 89-103. Retrieved from
file:///C:/Users/Hp/Downloads/jeko_53(1)-8.pdf
Latimaha, R., Bahari, Z., & Ismail, N. A. (2018). Factors Influencing the Basic Needs Budget Among the Middle Income Earners in Selected Major Cities in Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 52(3), 29-40. doi:10.17576/JEM-2018-5203-3
Leng, K. S., Samsurijan, M. S., Gopal, P. S., Malek, N. M., & Hamat, Z. (2018). Urban Poverty Alleviation Strategies from Multi-dimensional and Multi-Ethnic Perspective: Evidences from Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 36(2), 43-68.
Lin, J., & Bernstein, J. (2008). What we need to get by a basic standard of living costs $48,778,and nearly a third of families fall short. Washington DC: Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://files.epi.org/page/-/old/briefingpapers/224/bp224.pdf
Living Wage Foundation & ACCA. (2017). The Living Wage: Core principles and global perspectives. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants. Retrieved from https://www.livingwage.org.uk/sites/default/files/pi-living-wage-core-principles%20final%20draft_0_0.pdf
Mackenzie, H., & Stanford, J. (2008). A Living Wage for Toronto. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Pletcher, H. (2020). Malaysia: Urbanization from 2009 to 2019. Retrieved from statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/455880/urbanization-in-malaysia
Rainforest Alliance. (2018). A Decent Standard of Living for All. Retrieved from Rainforest-Alliance.Org: https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/articles/decent-standard-of-living-for-all
Rashid, N. K., Sulaiman, N. F., & Rahizal, N. A. (2018). Survivability through Basic Needs Consumption among Muslim Households B40, M40 and T20 Income Groups. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 26(2), 985-998. Retrieved from http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/Pertanika%20PAPERS/JSSH%20Vol.%2026%20(2)%20Jun.%202018/24%20JSSH-2250-2017-3rdProof.pdf
Sen, A. F. (2015). Communication and human rights. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2813-2817. doi:doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.972
Social Wellbeing Research Centre. (2019). BELANJAWANKU: Expenditure Guide for Malaysian Individuals and Families. Klang Valley: KWSP. Retrieved from
https://www.kwsp.gov.my/documents/20126/131635/Panduan_Belanjawanku.pdf/76872674-983a-3860-19a3-c47d2d2d2ab6
Telkki, H. (2015). A living wage, a human right. Helsinki: Finnwatch. Retrieved from https://finnwatch.org/images/pdf/LivingWage.pdf
The Edge Malaysia. (2020, January 27). Malaysians’ Grocery + Shopping Habits. Retrieved from The Edge Markets: https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/malaysians-grocery-shopping-habits
The World Bank. (2019). Making Ends Meet. Washington DC: Malaysia Economic Monitor (December).
Tiessen, K. (2015). Making Ends Meet: Toronto’s 2015 Living Wage. Ontario: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
World Bank. (2015). East Asia's Changing Urban Landscape: Measuring a Decade of Spatial Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Yao, C., Parker, J., Arrowsmith, J., & Carr, S. C. (2017). The Living Wage as an Income Range for Decent Work and Life. Employee Relations, 39(6), 875-887. doi:10.1108/ER-03-2017-0071.
In-Text Citation: (Oneh & Samsu, 2022)
To Cite this Article: Oneh, C. O., & Samsu, S. H. (2022). A Living Wage for Households: Analysis of Urban Households in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 12(7), 1761 – 1774.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode