A healthcare building is a place for the patient’s treatment. Hospital resilience is defined as the medical facility's capacity to withstand a disaster, maintain and expand their medical capacity, and respond to a sudden increase in patient demand. There has been a global outcry from fire outbreaks with hospital building being affected. From 2010 – 2019, 14 cases of deathliest fire happened in the hospital building around the globe. All of these fatalities occurred as a result of the failure of fire escape routes, locked exits, lack of staff evacuation training, lack of awareness, and lack of safety measures, particularly on the fire escape itself. The leading causes of fire outbreak are human factors such as carelessness, negligence and lack of fire safety awareness. Therefore, this research intended to evaluate the level of user’s awareness towards fire escape in hospital. Questionnaire survey were distributed to 90 respondents who is user of the hospital. The results were analysed using SPSS descriptive analysis and presented in the table form. Based on the analysis, 90% of the respondents are aware and strongly aware. The three top ranking of user’s awareness are using a staircase is much safer instead of using lifts, people will be warned if a fire is discovered, there is a person responsible in case of fire and the existence of fire escape in the hospital. It is recommended that the hospital management share and provide information for the users regarding the nearest fire escape available to the user. As this paper only considers the level of awareness on fire escape in hospital, further study is needed to identify in detail the design criteria of fire escape in hospital building.
Abu Bakar, H. (Ed.). (2006). Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia (2nd ed.). The Institution of Fire Engineers (UK) Malaysia Branch (FEM).
Banerjie, M. (2016). 19 Dead, Over 100 Injured In Major Fire At Bhubaneswar’s SUM Hospital: 10 Updates. NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fire-breaks-out-in-icu-ward-of-bhubaneswar-hospital-1475447
Bernama. (2011). Fire at HKL started by patient. The Star Online.
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2011/07/30/fire-at-hkl-started-by-patient/
Bernama. (2014). One killed in Sarawak GH fire. Malaymail.
https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2014/02/15/one-killed-in-sarawak-gh-fire/619251
Billington, M. J., Ferguson, A., & Copping, A. (2002). Means of Escape from Fire. Blackwell Publishing.
Bongiovanni, I., Leo, E., Ritrovato, M., Santoro, A., & Derrico, P. (2017). Implementation of best practices for emergency response and recovery at a large hospital: A fire emergency case study. Safety Science, 96, 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.03.016
Cao, S., Fu, L., Wang, P., Zeng, G., & Song, W. (2018). Experimental and modeling study on evacuation under good and limited visibility in a supermarket. Fire Safety Journal, 102, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.10.003
Chitnis, P. (2018). Mumbai Hospital Where 8 Died In Fire Had Failed Safety Test Two Weeks Ago. NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/andheri-fire-mumbais-esic-kamgar-hospital-where-8-died-in-fire-had-failed-safety-test-two-weeks-ago-1964207
Connolly, R. J., & Charters, D. A. (1997). The Use of Probabilistic Networks to Evaluate Passive Fire Protection Measures in Hospitals. In Y. Hasemi (Ed.), Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium (pp. 583–593). International Association for Fire Safety Science. http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/5/583/view/fss_5-583.pdf
Cristian, B. (2018). Hospital Resilience?: A Recent Concept in Disaster Preparedness. The Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 4(38), 81–82. https://doi.org/10.2478/jccm-2018-0016
De-ching, H., Shen-wen, C., Chien-hung, L., Po-ta, H., & Yi-ting, S. (2011). A Study for the Evacuation of Hospital on Fire during Construction. Procedia Engineering, 11, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.639
Department of Standards Malaysia. (2013). MALAYSIAN STANDARD. Department of Standards Malaysia.
Djunaidi, Z., & Pratiwi, F. (2015). Analysis of Fire Protection System Standard in Hospital?: Case Study in Jakarta , Indonesia. Health and Safety, Ferguson 2005, 1–10.
Ebenehi, I. Y., Mohamed, S., Sarpin, N., Wee, S. T., & Adaji, A. A. (2018). Building Users’ Appraisal of Effective Fire Safety Management for Building Facilities in Malaysian Higher Education Institutions: A Pilot Study. Path of Science, 4(12), 2001–2010. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.41-2
Fuller, C. (Ed.). (2008). Fire and Disability 2008: Special Report. Workplace Law Publishing.
Furness, A., & Muckett, M. (2007). Introduction to Fire Safety Management (1st ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
Galea, E. R., Xie, H., Deere, S., Cooney, D., & Filippidis, L. (2017). Evaluating the e ff ectiveness of an improved active dynamic signage system using full scale evacuation trials. Fire Safety Journal, 91(April), 908–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.022
Golmohammadi, D., & Shimshak, D. (2011). Estimation of the evacuation time in an emergency situation in hospitals. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 61(4), 1256–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2011.07.018
Groner, N. E. (2016). A decision model for recommending which building occupants should move where during fire emergencies. Fire Safety Journal, 80, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.11.002
Hagiwara, I., & Tanaka, T. (1994). International Comparison of Fire Safety Provisions for Means of Escape. Fire Safety Science, 4, 633–644.
http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/4/633
Hammim, R. (2016). Sultanah Aminah Hospital fire caused by capacitor in ceiling lights: Health Ministry. New Straits Times.
https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/12/198915/sultanah-aminah-hospital-fire-caused-capacitor-ceiling-lights-health-ministry
Hassanain, M. A., Garkuwa, J. A., & Sanni-Anibire, M. O. (2018). A code-compliance framework for fire safety in student housing facilities. Facilities, 36(7–8), 423–436.
https://doi.org/10.1108/F-12-2016-0099
Jaafar, A. S., & Abdul Talib, Y. (2017). DEVELOPMENT OF ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR MEANS OF ESCAPE IN HOSPITAL’S BUILDING IN MALAYSIA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY, 6(7), 417–425.
Jaafar, A. S., Abdul Talib, Y., Ismail, A., & Othman, M. A. (2022). Fire Safety for Residential College in Higher Education_ A Literature Review.pdf. E-Proceedings v-GOGREEN2021.
Jaiswal, B. (2015). Fire at Cuttack’s Sishu Bhawan. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/Fire-at-Cuttacks-Sishu-Bhawan/articleshow/49968962.cms
Jr, F. B. (2019). No one hurt in blaze at Brazilian hospital. Agencia - EFE. https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/no-one-hurt-in-blaze-at-brazilian-hospital/50000262-3871660
Kulkarni, R. S., Giri, P. A., & Gangwal, P. R. (2016). Knowledge and practices regarding fire safety amongst health care workers in tertiary care teaching hospital in Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 3(7), 1900–1904. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20162062
Langdon-Thomas, G. J. (1972). Fire Safety in Buildings: Principles & Practice. Adam & Charles Black.
Marchant, E. W. (1972). A Complete Guide to Fire and Buildings. Medical and Technical Co.
Mercy Malaysia. (2017). Fire Fighting Requirements for a Resilient Hospital.
National Fire Protection Association. (2012). NFPA 101 - LIFE SAFETY CODE (2012 Editi). National Fire Protection Association and Fire Protection Research Foundation.
Neufert, E., Neufert, P., & Kister, J. (2012). Neufert Architects’ Data (4th ed.). Blackwell Publishing.
Osunsanmi, T. O., Aigbavboa, C. O., Oke, A. E., & Eguabor, E. M. (2019). APPRAISALS OF STUDENT PERSPECTIVES ON FIRE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN HALL OF RESIDENCE. 14Th International Postgraduate Research Conference in the Built Environment, December.
Polgreen, L., & Kumar, H. (2011). 94 People Die as Private Hospital in India Burns. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/10/world/india-hospital-fire-kolkata-west-bengal.html
Regional. (2016). Fire destroys Solomon Islands hospital. Cook Islands News. http://www.cookislandsnews.com/item/59696-fire-destroys-solomon-islands-hospital/59696-fire-destroys-solomon-islands-hospital
Sandra, K., Meital, N., Ofer, M., Limor, A.-D., Sara, G., & Bruria, A. (2017). Facilitating emergency hospital evacuation through uniform discharge criteria. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 35(5), 681–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.12.071
Sanni-Anibire, M. O., & Hassanain, M. A. (2015). An integrated fire safety assessment of a student housing facility. In Structural Survey (Vol. 33, Issues 4–5, pp. 354–371). https://doi.org/10.1108/SS-03-2015-0017
Sanni-anibire, M. O., & Mohammad A, H. (2015). An integrated fire safety assessment of a student housing facility. Structural Survey, 33(4/5), 354–371.
https://doi.org/10.1108/SS-03-2015-0017
Shah, M. F., & Ahmad, N. (2016, October 25). Six dead in fire at Sultanah Aminah hospital. The Star Online. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/10/25/fire-at-jb-hospital/
?im?ek, Z., & Akinciturk, N. (2015). An Evaluation of Hospital Evacuation Strategies with an Example. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 5(3), 109–121.
Singh, S. S. (2011). 90 killed in Kolkata hospital fire. The Hindu.
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/90-killed-in-kolkata-hospital-fire/article2700650.ece
Taaffe, K., Johnson, M., & Steinmann, D. (2006). IMPROVING HOSPITAL EVACUATION PLANNING USING SIMULATION. Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 509–515.
The Star Online. (2014). Worker killed in hospital fire. The Star Online. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/02/16/worker-killed-in-hospital-fire/
TNN & Agencies. (2016). Three killed, many injured in Murshidabad hospital fire. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Two-dead-in-Murshidabad-hospital-fire/articleshow/53885214.cms
UBBL. (1984). Uniform Building By-Law 1984 (Legal Research Board (Ed.)). International Law Book Services.
Wabo, N. C., Ortenwall, P., & Khorram-Manesh, A. (2012). Hospital evacuation; planning, assessment, performance and evaluation. Journal of Acute Disease, 1(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-6189(13)60013-X
Yengkhom, S. (2016, August 21). At least 3 dead in Murshidabad Medical College Fire. The Times of India.
Yeturu, S. K., Annapurani, R., Janakiram, C., Joseph, J., & Pentapati, K. C. (2016). Assessment of knowledge and attitudes of fire safety – An institution based study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8(11), 1281–1284.
Zakaria, S., Ahmad, D., Abdan, K., & Rafee, M. (2019). A Case Study of Fire Safety Measures at Malaysian University Residential Colleges. Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 16(2), 41–55.
Zhong, S. (2014). Developing an Evaluation Framework for Hospital Disaster Resilience?: Tertiary Hospitals of Shandong Province , China. Queensland University of Technology.
In-Text Citation: (Jaafar et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Jaafar, A. S., Ishak, N., Jaffar, N., Othman, M. A., Talib, Y. A., & Nasaruddin, M. A. E. (2022). User Awareness on Fire Escape in Hospital Building in Perak. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(8), 690– 697.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
