Many studies have investigated the factors contribute to E-Government adoption and introduced several models of E-Government maturity stages or levels, but less has focus on the E-Government adoption at different stages of service maturity. Therefore, this study tries to discovers the critical factors that contribute to Malaysian citizens’ adoption of E-Government websites or services at different stages of service maturity. The method of quantitative through survey was used and the result of this study shown that all respondents have experienced in using E-Government websites or services, thus contributed to the positive adoption of static and interaction stage of E-Government. The result demonstrates that Perceived Awareness, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Functional Benefit have significant impact on the Static and Interaction Stage. However, most of the respondents positively responded the static stage application of E-Government websites or services compared to interaction stage. Hence, many initiatives should be done by the government to help public easy to access it services. In future research, perhaps many researchers will extend the into wider scope of variables, methods and area and reflect the digital government as highlighted in national agenda.
Abanumy, A. N., and Mayhew, P. (2005). A conceptual framework for eGovernment websites. The 7th International Conference on general online research 2005 (GOR05), Zurich, Switzerland.
Abhichandani, T., & Horan, T. A. (2006). Toward a new evaluation model of E-Government satisfaction: Results of Structural Equation Modeling. Paper presented at 12th American Conference on information systems, Acapulco, Mexico.
Abhichandani, T., Horan, T. A., & Rayalu, R. (2005). EGOVSAT: Toward a robust measure of E-Government service satisfaction in transportation. Paper presented at International Conference on electronic government, Ottawa, Canada.
Abramson, M. A., & Means, G. E. (2001). E-Government. Lanham, Mass.: Rowman & Littkefield Publisher, Inc.
Accenture. (2003). E-government leadership: Realizing the vision. The Government Executive Series. E-Government Report. Retrieved on September 15, 2010 from: www.accenture.com
Accenture. (2005). Leadership in customer service: new expectations, new experiences. E-Government Report. Retrieved on September 15, 2010 from: www.accenture.com
Accenture. (2004). eGovernment Leadership: High Performance, Maximum Value.
Adiyarta, K., Napitupulu, D., Nurdianto, H., Rahim, R., Ahmar, A. (2018). User acceptance of E Government Services Based on TRAM model. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 352 (2018) 012057, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/352/1/012057
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50 (2), 179?221.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Al-Adawi, Z., Yousafzai, S., & Pallister, J. (2005). Conceptual model of citizen adoption of e-government. The Second International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT'05). 1?10.
Al-Mashari, M. (2007). A benchmarking study of experiences with electronic government. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 14 (22), 172-186.
Alsaghier, H., Ford, M., Nguyen, A., & Hexel, R. (2009). Conceptualising citizen’s trust in e-government: application of Q methodology. Electronic Journal of e-Government, 7 (4), 295-310.
Al-Sobhi, F., Weerakkody, V., and Al-Busaidy, M. (2010). The roles of intermediaries in the diffusion and adoption of e-government services. AMCIS 2010 Proceedings, p. 385.
Andersen, K. V., & Henriksen, H. Z. (2006). E-Government maturity model: Extention of the Layne and Lee Model. Government Information Quarterly, 23 (2), 236-248.
Atallah, S. (2001). E-Government: Considerations for Arab States. USA, United Nations Development Program.
Barnes, S., and Vidgen, R. (2003). Assessing the quality of a cross-national e-government web site: a case study of the forum on strategic management knowledge exchange. Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS’03), Big Island, Hawaii.
Baum, C. H., & Di Maio, A. (2000). Gartner's four phases of e-Government model. Retrieved on April 25, 2009, from:
http://gartner3.gartnerweb.com/public/static/hotc/00094235.html
Belanger, F., Hiller, J. S., & Smith, W. J. (2002). Trustworthiness in electronic commerce: The role of privacy, security, and site attributes. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 12 (2), 245-270.
Bentley, J., & Fisher, J. (2003). The importance of information design for small business web sites. Paper presented at 16th Annual Conference of Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand.
Bevan, N. (2001). International standards for HCI and usability. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 55, 533-552.
Bhattacherjee, A. (2001). Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation- confirmation model. MIS Quarterly, 25 (3), 351?370.
Carlsson, C., Carlsson, J., Hyvonen, K., Puhakainen, J., Walden, P. (2006). Adoption of mobile devices/services; Searching for answers with the UTAUT. In: 39th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, Hawaii, 1–10.
Carter, L., & Belanger, F. (2004). The influence of perceived characteristics of innovating on egovernment adoption. Electronic Journal of e-Government, 2 (1), 11-20.
Cater, L., & Belanger, F. (2004). Citizen adoption of Electronic Government initiatives. Paper presented at 37th Hawaii International Conference on systems science.
Cater, L., & Belanger, F. (2005). The utilization of E-Government services: Citizen trust, innovation and acceptance factors. Information Systems Journal, 15 (1), 5-25.
Christensen, E., and Hughes, J. (2000). Putting your agency on the web. In Handbook of public information systems New York: Marcel dekker, Inc.
Curtin, G. C., Sommer, M. H., & Vis-Sommer V. (2004). The World of e-Government. Haworth Press.
Dada, D. (2006). The failure of E-Government in the developing countries: A literature review. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries. 26 (1), 1-10.
Danish, D. (2006). The failure of E-government in developing countries: A literature review. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 26 (1), pp. 1-10.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13 (3), 319–340.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35 (8), 982?1003.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13 (3), 319?340.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., Warshaw, P. R. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to use computers in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22 (14), 1111–1132.
DeBenedictis, A., Howell, W., Figueroa, R., & Boggs, R. A. (2002). E-government defined: an overview of the next big information technology challenge. Issues in Information Systems, 3, 130-136.
DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (1992). Information systems success: The quest for the dependent variable. Information Systems Research, 31(1), 60-95.
DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (2003). The DeLone and McLean model of information systems success: A ten-year update. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19 (4), 9-30.
DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (2004). Measuring e-commerce success: Applying the DeLone & McLean information systems success model. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 9 (1), 31-47
Dunleavy, P., and Margetts, H. (2002). Government on the web. London, National Audit Office NAO.
Eggers, W. D. (2004). Boosting e-government adoption. Deloitte research-public sector, Canada, FTA Annual Conference.
Ethier, J., Hadaya, P., Talbot, J., & Cadieux, J. (2008). Interface design and emotions experienced on B2C Web sites: Empirical testing of a research model. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 2771–2791.
Fang, Z. (2002). E-government in digital era: Concept, practice, and development. International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management, 10 (2), 1-22.
Farouk, F. M., & Kalid, K.S. (2005). The awareness of Electronic Government from Malaysian perspectives. Paper presented at Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan E-Komuniti, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
Foley, P., and Ghani, S. (2004). The Business Case for eGovernment. International ECommerce Research Centre.
Gartner Group. (2000). E-government strategy: cubing the circle.
Gautrin, H. F. (2004). Connecting Quebec to its Citizens. Report on E-Government for Verdun, Parliamentary Assistant to the Premier.
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2000). The relative importance of perceived ease of use in is adoption: a study of e-commerce adoption. Journal of the Association for Information Systems,1 (8), 1-30.
Gefen, D., Karahanna, E., & Straub, D. W. (2003). Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model. MIS Quarterly, 27 (1), 51-90.
Gilbert, D., Balestrini, P. & Littleboy, D. (2004) Barriers and benefits in the adoption of e-government. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17, 286-301.
Gonzalez, F. J. M., & Palacios, T. M. B. (2004). Quantitative evaluation of commercial web sites: An empirical study of Spanish firms. International Journal of Information Management, 24 (4), 313-328.
Gustafsson, K., Fiedler, M. (2004). E-Government: Services, needs, and user satisfaction. Retrieved, September 20, 2010 from: citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
Hernon, P., and Relyea, H. C.. (1995). 'Government publishing: Past to present.' Government Information Quarterly, 12 (3), 309-330.
Hiller, J. S., & Belanger, F. (2001). Privacy strategies for electronic government. In M. A. Abramson, & G. E. Means (Eds.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Horan, T. A., & Gronlund, A. (2005). Intorducing E-Gov. History, definitions, and issues. Communication of the Association for Information Systems, Vol.15(39), 713-729.
Horan, T. A., Abhichandani, T., & Rayalu, R. (2006). Accessing user satisfaction of E-Government Services: Development and testing of quality-in-use satisfaction with Advance Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). Paper presented at 39th Hawaii International Conference on systems sciences, Kauai, Hawaii.
Huizingh, E. (2000). The content and design of websites: An empirical study. Information & Management, 37(3), 123-134.
Iwaarden, J. D., Van der Wiele, A., Ball, L., & Millen, R. (2004). Perceptions about the quality of web sites: A survey amongst students at Northeastern University and Erasmus University. Information & Management, 41 (8), 947-959.
Karokola, G., & Yngstrom, L. (2009). Discussing E-Government maturity models for developing world – security view. Retrieved on January 19, 2012 from:
icsa.cs.up.ac.za/issa/2009/Proceedings/Full/30_Paper.pdf
Katz-Haas, R. (1998). Ten Guidelines for User-Centered Web Design. Usability Interface, 5 (1).
Kim, S. S., & Malhotra, N. K. (2005). A longitudinal model of continued IS use: An integrative view of four mechanisms underlying post adoption phenomena. Management Science, 51 (5), 741-755.
Kumar, R., Sachan, A., and Mukherjee, A. (2018). Direct vs. Indirect E-government adoption: An exploratory study. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 20 (2).
Kumar, R., Sachan, A., Mukherjee, A., and Kumar, R. (2018). Factors influencing e-government adoption in India: A qualitative approach. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-02-2018-0007
Lam, W. (2005) Barriers to e-government integration. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18, 511-530.
Lawrence, T. B., & Suddaby, R. (2006). Institutions and institutional work. In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. B. Lawrence, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies, 2nd ed. London: Sage.
Layne, K., & Lee, J. (2001) Developing fully functional E-government: A four stage model. Government Information Quarterly, 18, 122-136.
Lean, O. K., Zailani, S., Ramayah, T., & Fernando, Y. (2009). Factor influencing intention to use e-government services among citizens in Malaysia. International Journal of Information Management, 29, 458-475.
Lenk, K., and Traunmuller, R. (2002). Preface to The Focus Theme on E-government. Electronic Markets, 12 (3), 147-148.
Lucas, H. C., & Spitler, V. K. (1999). Technology use and performance: A field study of broker workstations. Decision Science, 30 (2), 291?311.
Madden, M. (2003). American's online pursuits: the changing picture of who's online and what they do. Retrieved on August 23, 2011 from: http://www.pewinternet.org/.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. The Academy of Management Review, 20 (3), 709-734.
Miller, D. C., & Salkind, N. J. (2002). Handbook of Social Design and Social Measurement. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Mohamad, M. (2011). A doctor in the house. The memoirs of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad. MPH Distributors (S) Pte Ltd.
Moon, M. J. (2002). The evolution of e-Government among municipalities: Rhetoric or reality? Public Administration Review, 62 (4), 424?433.
Muir, A., and Oppenheim, C. (2002). National Information Policy developments worldwide in electronic government. Journal of Information Science, 28 (3), 173-186.
Muylle, S., Moenert, R., & Despontin, M. (2004). The conceptualization and empirical validation of website user satisfaction. Information & Management, 41, 543-560.
Parent, M., Vandebeek, C. A., & Gemino, A. C. (2005). Building citizen trust through e-government. Government Information Quarterly, 22 (4), 720?736.
Pascual, P. J. (2003). E-Government. Retrieved on September 15, 2010 from: www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-egov.
Robbins, S. S., Stylianou, A. C. (2003). Global corporate web sites: An empirical investigation of content and design. Information & Management, 40 (3), 205–212.
Salkind, N. J. (2006). Exploring Research. New York: Prentice Hall
Salkind, N. J. (2009). Exploring Research. London: Pearson Education
Salman, A., & Hasim M. F. (2011). Internet usage in a Malaysian sub-urban community: A study of diffusion of ICT innovation. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 16 (2).
Seifert, J. W. (2003). A primer on e-government: sectors, stages,opportunities, and challenges of online governance. Analyst in Information Science and Technology Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division.
Seifert, J. W., & Petersen, R. E. (2002). The promise of all things e? Expectations and challenges of emergent electronic government. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 1 (2), 193-212.
Sendjaya, S., Sugianto, L., & Dewi. R.T. A conceptual model for b2e portal user satisfaction. Retrieve on May 6, 2011 from: bai2006.atisr.org
Shareef, M. A., Kumar, U., & Kumar, V. (2008). Role of different electronic-commerce (EC) quality factors on purchase decision: A developing country perspective. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9 (2), 92?113.
Shareef, M. A., Kumar, U., Kumar, V., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2009). Identifying critical factors for adoption of e-government. Electronic Government: An International Journal, 6 (1), 70?96.
Shareef, M. A., Kumar, U., Kumar, V., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2011). e-Government Adoption Model (GAM): Differing service maturity levels. Government Information Quarterly, 28, 2817–35.
Hassan, S. (2010). Avoiding “Tragedy of the commons” syndrome. Paper presented at Putrajaya International Convention Centre, Malaysia.
Simmers, C. A., & Anandarajan, M. (2001). User satisfaction in the internet-anchored workplace: an exploratory study. Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application, 3 (5), 39-53.
Kalsi, S. N., and Kiran, R. (2013). E-governance success factors. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 26 (4), pp. 320-336.
Singletary, L. A. (2003). Empirical study of attributes and perceived benefits of applications integration for enterprise systems. Retrieved April 4, 2011 from:
www.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
Sivaporn, W., Wichian, C., Borwon, P. (2008). Quality enhancing the continued use of E-Government web site: Evidence form E-Citizens of Thailand. International Journal of Electronic Government Research, 5 (1), 19-35.
Stower, G. N. L. (2001). Issues in e-commerce and e-government service delivery. Retrieved on April 4, 2011 from: www.books.google.com
Sullivan, J., Scheepers, R., & Middleton, C. (2009). Conceptualizing User Satisfaction in the Ubiquitous Computing Era. ICIS 2009 Proceedings, Paper 103. Retrieve on May 13, 2011 from: http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2009/103
Szajna, B. (1996). Empirical evaluation of the revised Technology Acceptance Model. Management Science, 42 (1), 85–92.
Teoh, T. S. H., Srivastana, S. C., & Jiang, L. (2009). Trust and Electronic Government Success: An Empirical Study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 25 (3), 99-131.
Tung, L. L., & Rieck, O. (2005). Adoption of electronic government services among business organizations in Singapore. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 14, 417?440
Van Dijk, J. A. G. M., Peters, O., & Ebbers, W. (2008). Explaining the acceptance and use of government internet services: A multivariate analysis of 2006 survey data in the Netherlands. Government Information Quarterly, 25 (3), 379?399.
Venkatesh, V. (2000). Determinants of perceived ease of use: integrating control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptance model. Information Systems Research, 11 (4), 342?365.
Windley, P. J. (2002). E-Government Maturity. USA: Windleys' Technolometria. Retreived on January 19, 2012 from: http://www.windley.com
World Bank. (2004). World Bank E-Government. Retreived on September 15, 2010 from: www.worldbank.org
Wulf, K. D., Schillewaert, N., Muylle, S., & Rangarajan, D. (2006). The role of pleasure in web site success. Information & Management, 43 (4), 434-446.
Zarei, B., Ghapanchi, A., and Sattary, B. (2008). Toward national e-government development models for developing countries: A nine-stage model. The International Information and Library Review, 40, 199-207.
Zeng, L., Salvendy, G., & Zhang, M. (2009). Factor structure of web site creativity. Computers in Human Behavior, 25 (2), 568-577
Zviran, M., Glezer, C., & Avni, I. (2006). User satisfaction from commercial web sites: The effect of design and use. Journal Information and Management, 43 (2).
In-Text Citation: (Azmi & Zakaria, 2022)
To Cite this Article: Azmi, N. A., & Zakaria, Z. (2022). E-Government Where are We Now? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(9), 751– 770.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
