International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Evaluation of Addiction Recovery Index among Drug Addicts in Malaysian Rehabilitation Centers

Open access
One of the focuses of the rehabilitation program is to assess the level of dependence and the severity of the client's addiction. However, not many instruments assessing addiction recovery can be found in the Malaysian context. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to develop the addiction recovery index and test the difference of the recovery index of clients in rehabilitation centers and clients in the community. This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. A total of 662 respondents participated in the study and they were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. The Addiction Recovery Scale was developed by the researchers which contained three dimensions namely health, stability and security, and religiosity and belief. The findings of the study showed that the Addiction Recovery Scale has good validity and reliability. The overall results found that the recovery index for clients at rehabilitation centers was 77.56 which was significantly higher than the recovery index for clients in the community which was 71.47. This index provides information on the aspects that need to be paid attention to improve individual recovery among the clients so that their potential can be developed to remain free from drug addiction.
Bazargan, S., Sherkat, D., & Bazargan, M. (2004). Religion and alcohol use among African-American and Hispanic inner-city emergency care patients. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43(3), 419-428.
Bellack, A. S., Bennett, M. E., Gearon, J. S., Brown, C. H., Ye Yang. (2006). A randomized clinical trial of a new behavioral treatment for drug abuse in people with severe and persistent mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(4), 426-432.
Brizer, D. A. (1993). Religiosity and Drug abuse among psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 19(3), 337-345.
Brome, D. R., Owens, M. D., Allen, K., & Vevaina, T. (2000). An examination of spirituality among African American women in recovery from substance abuse. Journal of Black Psychology, 26(4), 470-486.
Brown, E. (2006). The integral place of religion in the lives of rural African American women who use cocaine. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(1), 19-39.
Capaldi, D. M., & Patterson, G. R. (1996). Can violent offenders be distinguished from frequent offenders? prediction from childhood to adolescence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33, 206-31.
Carey, K. B., Carey, M. P., Maisto, S. A., & Purnine, D. M. (2002). The feasibility of enhancing psychiatric outpatients’ readiness to change their substance use. Psychiatric Services, 53, 602 608.
Cocco, K. M., & Carey, K. B. (1998). Psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in psychiatric outpatients. Psychological Assessment, 10(4), 408-414.
Cochran, J., Wood, P., & Arneklev, B. (1994). Is the religiosity-delinquency relationship spurious? A test of arousal and social control theories. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 31(1), 92-123.
Connor, B. T., Anglin, M. D., Annon, J., & Longshore, D. (2008). Effect of religiosity and spirituality on drug treatment outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 36(2), 189-198.
Cotton, S., Puchalski, C., Sherman, S., Mrus, J., Peterman, A., Feinberg, J., Pargament, K., Justice, A., Leonard, A., & Tsevat, J. (2006). Spirituality and religion in patients with HIV/AIDS. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, S5-13.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
Fauziah I., Arifin Z., Shahrazad, W. W. S., Lukman, Z. M., Murni, R. A. R., Zainah, A. G., & Fatihah, S. G. (2010). Measuring motivational readiness to change among drug addicts in Malaysia: A descriptive analysis. The Social Sciences, 5(5), 429-432.
Fauziah, I., Mohamad, M. S., Chong, S. T., & Abd Manaf, A. (2012). Substance Abuse and Aggressive Behavior among Adolescents. Asian Social Science, 8(9), 92-97.
Fox, K. (2015). Theorizing community integration as desistance-promotion. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 42, 82-94.
Gavin, D. R., Ross, H. E., & Skinner, H. A. (1989). Diagnostic Validity of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in the Assessment of DSM-III Drug Disorders. British Journal of Addiction, 84(3), 301-307.
Gideon, L. (2010). Family Role in the Reintegration Process of Recovering Drug Addicts: A Qualitative Review of Israeli Offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51(2), 212-226.
Heinz, A., Epstein, D. H., Preston, K. L. (2007). Spiritual/Religious experiences and in-treatment outcome in an inner-city program for heroin and cocaine dependence. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39, 41–49.
Hodge, D. R. (2001). Spiritual assessment: A review of major qualitative methods and a new framework for assessing spirituality. Social Work, 46(3), 203-214.
Inciardi, J. A. (1994). Screening and Assessment for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Among Adults in the Criminal Justice System. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
Malaysian Youth Index. (2011). Institute for Youth Research Malaysia.
Jarusiewicz, B. (2000). Spirituality and addiction. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 18(4), 99-109.
Lookatch, S. J., Wimberly, A. S., & McKay, J. R. (2019). Effects of Social Support and 12-Step Involvement on Recovery among People in Continuing Care for Cocaine Dependence. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(13), 2144-2155.
Maisto, S. A., Carey, M. P., Carey, K. B., Gleason, J. G., & Gordon, C. M. (2000). Use of the AUDIT and the DAST-10 to identify alcohol and drug use disorders among adults with a severe and persistent mental illness. Psychological Assessment, 12, 186–192.
Marsiglia, F. F., Kulis, S., Nieri, T., & Parsai, M. (2005). God Forbid! Substance use among religious and nonreligious youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(4), 585-598.
Martino, S., Grilo, C. M., & Fehon, D. (2000). Development of the Drug Abuse Screening Test for Adolescents (DAST-A). Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 57-70.
McNeill, F. (2014). Punishment as rehabilitation. In Bruinsma, G. & Weisburd, D. (eds). Encyclopaedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. New York: Springer Science and Business Media.
Miller, W. R. (1998). Researching the spiritual dimensions of alcohol and other drug problems. Addiction, 93, 979-990.
Moss, H. B., & Tarter, R. E. (1993). Substance Abuse, Aggression, and Violence: What Are the Connections? The American Journal on Addictions, 2(2), 149–160.
Neale, J., Finch, E., Marsden, J., Mitcheson, L., Rose, D., Strang, J., Tompkins, C., Wheeler, C. & Wykes, T. (2014). How should we measure addiction recovery? Analysis of service provider perspectives using online Delphi groups. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 21(4), 310–323.
Pardini, D. A., Plante, T. G., Sherman, A., & Stump, J. E. (2000). Religious faith and spirituality in substance abuse recovery: Determining the mental health benefits. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19, 347-354.
Park, J., Meyers, L., & Czar, G. (1998). Religiosity and spirituality: An exploratory analysis using the CPI 3-vector model. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(3), 541-552.
Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 38-48.
Pullen, L., Modrcin-Talbott, M., West, W., & Muenchen, R. (1999). Spiritual high vs high on spirits: Is religiosity related to adolescent alcohol and drug abuse? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 6, 3-8.
Rettie, H. C., Hogan, L. M., & Cox, W. M. (2019). The Recovery Strengths Questionnaire for alcohol and drug use disorders. Drug & Alcohol Review, 38(2), 209-215.
Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63(3), 397-427.
Selzer, M. L. (1971). The Michigan alcoholism screening test: The quest for a new diagnostic instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 1653–1658.
Skinner, H. A. (1982). The Drug Abuse Screening Test. Addictive Behaviors, 7(4), 363–371.
Staley, D., & El Guebaly, N. (1990). Psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in a psychiatric patient population. Addiction Behavior, 15(3), 257-264.
Venema, E., Otten, S., & Vlaskamp, C. (2016). Direct support professionals and reversed integration of people with intellectual disabilities: Impact of attitudes, perceived social norms and meta-evaluations. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities,13(1), doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12145.
Visher, C. A., & Travis, J. (2003). Transitions from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89–113.
Walker, C., Ainette, M. G., Wills, T. A., & Mendoza, D. (2007). Religiosity and substance use: Test of an indirect-effect model in early and middle adolescence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(1), 84-96.
Wallace, K., & Bergeman, C. (2002). Spirituality and religiosity in a sample of African American elders: A life story approach. Journal of Adult Development, 9(2), 141-154.
Sulaiman, W. W. M. S., Ismail, Z., Sulaiman, W. W. S., & Kawangit, R. M. (2021). Dataset relating self-control and hope among participants in Malaysian rehabilitation centers. Data in Brief, 35, 106890.
Shahrazad, W. S., Lukman, Z. M., Murni, R. A. R., Arifin, Z., Zainah, A. Z., Fauziah, I., & Fatihah, S. G. (2010). Personality traits and readiness to change among drug addicts in Malaysia. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(4), 263-266.
Weaver, A., Pargament, K., Flannely, K., & Oppenheimer, J. (2006). Trends in the scientific study of religion, spirituality, and health: 1965-2000. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(2), 208-214.
White, W. (2007) Addiction recovery: Its definition and conceptual boundaries. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33, 229-241.
In-Text Citation: (Sulaiman et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Sulaiman, W. S. W., Zakaria, E., Ibrahim, F., & Kamaluddin, M. R. (2022). Evaluation of Addiction Recovery Index among Drug Addicts in Malaysian Rehabilitation Centers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(10), 1572 – 1583.