International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Unveiling the Dynamics of Changes in Voting Behavior in Malaysia: Insights from Psychological Perspectives

Open access
Voting behavior is pivotal in democratic societies, reflecting citizens' preferences and shaping the course of governance. In Malaysia, the multifaceted influences on voting choices, including socio-economic status, ethnicity, religion, and regional dynamics, underscore the complexity of electoral dynamics. Despite its significance, changes in Malaysian voting behavior remain understudied, particularly in understanding why and how voters switch allegiances between elections. This paper aims to address this gap by analyzing the literature on evolution of voting behavior in Malaysia and the driving factors behind these shifts. This research delves into the psychological dimensions of voting behavior, focusing on cognitive and information processing factors, emotional and affective factors, social and identity factors, and personal and motivational factors. Through a comprehensive analysis of the literature on these dimensions, this research seeks to provide deeper insights into the complexities of voting behavior in Malaysia and its implications for democratic processes. Understanding these factors is crucial for elucidating electoral dynamics, informing political strategies, and fostering a deeper appreciation of democratic governance in Malaysia.
Akerlof, G. A., & Kranton, R. E. (2000). Economics and identity. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 715-753.
Al-Faruqi, I. R. (1992). AL-TAWHID: Its implications for thought and life (2nd ed.). International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. (2002). Who trusts others? Journal of Public Economics, 85(2), 207–234.
Alexander, J. C. (2006). The civil sphere. Oxford University Press.
Amin, M. N. M., & Anuar, M. W. K. (2023). General election 15th: Analysis the tendency of voters at Peninsular Malaysia. Borneo Engineering & Advanced Multidisciplinary International Journal, 2(Special Issue (TECHON 2023), 90-96. https://beam.pmu.edu.my/index.php/beam/article/view/88
Antunes, R. (2010). Theoretical models of voting behavior. ResearchGate. Retrieved 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242653736_Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour/citations
Bonansinga, M. (2020). The influence of emotions on cognitive processes: A theoretical framework. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 32(5), 543–559.
Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., & Suhay, E. (2008). What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 959–978.
Caldwell, C. (2009). Fear masquerading as tolerance. Prospect Magazine. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/fearmasqueradingastolerance/#.UyaJGPQW0_R
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American voter. University of Chicago Press.
Cheah, B. K. (2004). The challenge of ethnicity; Building a nation in Malaysia. In B. K. Cheah (Ed.), The challenge of ethnicity; Building a nation in Malaysia (1st ed.). Marshall Cavendish International.
Coleman, S. (2022). How voters feel. Cambridge University Press.
Collis, J., & Hussey, R. (2009). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Dalmus, C. (2018). Mainstream parties’ issue engagement and its implications for the performance of populist parties. Politologický ?asopis/Czech Journal Of Political Science, 2(2018). Retrieved 2024, from file:///Users/shadiyabaqutayan/Downloads/34958-Article%20Text%20(with%20author%20details)-56583-1-10-20230424.pdf
De keersmaecker, J., & Roets, A. (2017). “I still believe in a brighter future”: Lower cognitive ability and political conservatism predict faith in conspiracy theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(7), 767–776.
Dolan, K. (2014). Gender and political ambition: Why are women less likely than men to seek elective office? Basic Books.
Edlin, A., Gelman, A., & Kaplan, N. (2007). Rationality and society. Rationality and Society, 19(3), 293–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463107077384
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3-4), 169–200.
Eldersveld, S. J. (1956). Experimental propaganda techniques and voting behavior. American Political Science Review, 50(1), 154–165.
Fazilah, I. (2008). The influence of individual attributes on inter-ethnic tolerance among early youth in Selangor. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Fowler, J. H., & Kam, C. D. (2007). Beyond the self: Social identity, altruism, and political participation. Journal of Politics, 69(3), 813–827.
Furedi, F. (2012). On tolerance. Policy: A Journal of Public Policy and Ideas, 28(2), 30–37.
Gibson, J. L. (1992). The political consequences of intolerance - cultural conformity and political freedom. American Political Science Review, 86(2), 338–356. https://doi.org/10.2307/1964224
Green, D. P., & Palmquist, B. (1990). Of artifacts and partisan instability. American Political Science Review, 84(3), 874–887.
Greene, C., Nash, R. A., & Murphy, G. (2021). Ignorance is bliss? Investigating the effect of political knowledge on misinformation processing. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(2), 281–294.
Hajnal, Z. L., Lajevardi, N., & Nielson, L. (2017). Voter identification laws and the suppression of minority votes. The Journal of Politics, 79(2), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1086/690495
Harrop, M., & Miller, W. L. (1987). Elections and voters: A comparative perspective. Retrieved 2024, from https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-18912-0
Holbrook, T. M., & McClurg, S. D. (2005). The mobilization of core supporters: Campaigns, turnout, and electoral composition in United States presidential elections. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 803–818.
Huddy, L. (2013). From group identity to political cohesion and commitment. In L. Huddy, D. O. Sears, & J. S. Levy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political psychology (2nd ed., pp. 527–559). Oxford University Press.
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2003). Political culture and democracy linkages analyzing cross-level. Comparative Politics, 36(1), 61–79.
Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987). News that matters: Television and American opinion. University of Chicago Press.
Kagan, J. (1966). Reflection–impulsivity: The generality and dynamics of conceptual tempo. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71(1), 17–24.
Kulachai, W., Lerdtomornsakul, U., & Homyamyen, P. (2023). Factors influencing voting decision: A comprehensive literature review. Social Sciences, 12(9), 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12090469
Laurison, D., Brown, H., & Rastogi, A. (2022). Voting intersections: Race, class, and participation in presidential elections in the United States 2008–2016. Sociological Perspectives, 65(4), 768-789. https://doi.org/10.1177/07311214211059136
Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people's choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. Columbia University Press.
Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1968). The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.
Lipset, S. M. (1969). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69–105.
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. University of Chicago Press.
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2005). Affective intelligence and political judgment. University of Chicago Press.
Mata, R., Schooler, L. J., & Rieskamp, J. (2007). The aging decision maker: Cognitive aging and the adaptive selection of decision strategies. Psychological Science, 18(4), 360-364.
Mata, R., von Helversen, B., & Rieskamp, J. (2010). Simplifying strategies in multi-attribute decision making among older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 65B(5), 511-519.
Mondak, J. J., Hibbing, M. V., Canache, D., Seligson, M. A., & Anderson, M. R. (2010). Personality and civic engagement: An integrative framework for the study of trait effects on political behavior. American Political Science Review, 104(1), 85–110.
Moten, A. R. (2009). 2008 general elections in Malaysia: Democracy at work. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 10(1), 21–42.
Moten, A. R. (2011). Changing political culture and electoral behavior in Malaysia. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 38(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2010.548201
Moten, A. R. (2020). The politics of manipulation: Malaysia 2018-2020. Intellectual Discourse, 28(1), 179-199. Retrieved from https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/view/1467
Murphy, G., Greene, C., Nash, R. A., & Roche, J. (2019). False memory for fake news: Correlates and predictors. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(3), 349–366.
Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2010). Implicit political cognition. In D. P. Redlawsk (Ed.), Handbook of political psychology (pp. 541–575). Routledge.
OECD. (2019). Voting. In Society at a Glance 2019: OECD Social Indicators. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/3483a69a-en
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188, 39–50.
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(0), 6888–6894.
Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J. G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychological Science, 31(7), 770–780.
Plutzer, E., & Zipp, J. F. (1996). Identity politics, partisanship, and voting for women candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(1), 30–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/297735
Redlawsk, D. P. (2006). Feeling politics: Affect and voter decision making in presidential campaigns. Palgrave Macmillan.
Redlawsk, D. P., & Pierce, P. J. (2017). Anger, anxiety, and fear: The impact of discrete emotions on political persuasion. Political Psychology, 38(4), 1–20.
Rico, G., Lönnqvist, J. E., & Salmela, M. (2017). Emotional reactions to political advertisements: An experimental study. European Political Science, 16(1), 97–111.
Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, irony, and solidarity. Cambridge University Press.
Roseman, I. J. (1996). Appraisal determinants of emotions: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cognition and Emotion, 10(3), 241–278.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1995). Decision-making style: The development and assessment of a new measure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(5), 818–831.
Singh, S. (2020). The role of psychological factors on voting behavior. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 9(8), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.35629/7722
Smith, J. (2022). Changes in voting behavior: Insights into the viability and legitimacy of democracy. Journal of Political Science, 45–62.
Subedi, K. (2022). Cognition in psychological perspectives. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363230967_Cognition_in_the_Psychological_Perspectives?enrichId=rgreq-1ee792aace7f9a6a44d7d6baade307be-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM2MzIzMDk2NztBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTA4Mjc0NjA5NUAxNjYyMTM1NDY0ODU3&el=1_x_2. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29414.70720
Syeikh, S., Hashim, M., Hamzah, F., & Osman, S. (2023). The voters’ choice and hope in the 14th Malaysian general election. The Asian Journal of Professional & Business Studies, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.61688/ajpbs.v4i1.48
Tapsell, R. (2020). Malaysia in 2019: A change of government without regime change. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2020. Retrieved from https://researchprofiles.anu.edu.au/en/publications/malaysia-in-2019-a-change-of-government-without-regime-change
The Guardian. (2011). Egypt elections: My vote will make a difference.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Social identity, self-categorization, and the perceived homogeneity of ingroups and outgroups: The interaction between social motivation and cognition. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher, & M. S. Wetherell (Eds.), Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory (pp. 42-67). Basil Blackwell.
Ufen, A. (2020). Opposition in transition: Pre-electoral coalitions and the 2018 electoral breakthrough in Malaysia. Democratization. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1666266
Valentino, N. A., Brader, T., & Groenendyk, E. W. (2018). Election night’s alright for fighting: The role of emotions in political participation. Political Psychology, 39(6), 1385–1405.
Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., & Foucault, M. (2019). Emotional responses to the Charlie Hebdo attacks: Addressing the adaptive challenge of terrorist threat. Political Psychology, 40(5), 1071–1094.
Vasilopoulou, S., & Wagner, M. (2017). Editorial: The politics of anger. European Journal of Political Research, 56(3), 419–426.
Wahlke, J. C. (1979). Pre-behavioralism in political science. American Political Science Review, 73, 9-31. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954728
Walker, A., & Blettner, M. (1985). Comparing imperfect measures of exposure. American Journal of Epidemiology, 121(6), 783-790.
Wildmalm, S., Oskarsson, S., & Hulterstrom, K. (2010). Tolerance in challenging political environments in Uganda, Kenya, India, and Pakistan. Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift, 112(1), 105–112.
Baqutayan, S. M. S., Subari, M. D., Noh, N. M., & Ashari, H. (2024). Unveiling the Dynamics of Changes in Voting Behavior in Malaysia: Insights from Psychological Perspectives. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(9), 795–812.