International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Stereotypes Applied in Designing Cartoons Depicting Women in Politics in Kenya- Case Study of the Daily Nation’s Gado Cartoons

Open access
The objective of this study was to explore the use of gender stereotypes in designing cartoons targeting women in politics by Gado, a cartoonist in The Kenya’s Daily Nation newspaper. This is an analysis of a specific tool used to convey gendered messages often ignored perhaps because cartoons tend to be humorous and satirical concealing the irony, satire and the serious messages behind the simple strokes. Data for analysis was received from 362 people using questionnaires as well as using content analysis analyzing 20 gendered cartoons. Whether intended or otherwise, gendered messages were portrayed even from simple gestures, signs, symbols and illustrations. 63% of the respondents said they are influenced by the cartoons drawings while 58% said negative portrayal of women in politics makes them doubt women’s’ ability to play politics. Women, often drawn frightened, weak, smaller and fearful indicates women live under attack of males in a perceived male dominated society. In the 70% of texts, 80% images, 85% size and 85% of themes, gendered stereotypes were observed. The images used were published between January 2009 and December 2013. The study recommended ethnographic research be conducted to identify more accurate responses on effects and attitudes of these gendered cartoons.
Allport, G.W. (1954). The Nature of prejudice. Cambridge: Perseus Books.

Berger, A.A. (1993). Media research techniques. (2nd ed). Thousands oaks, CA: Sage.

Brown, J. D., & Campbell, K. (1986). Race and gender in music videos: The same beat but a different
drummer.

Carlin, Diana, and Kelly Winfrey. (2009). “Have You Come a Long Way, Baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin,
and Sexism in 2008 Campaign Coverage.” Communication Studies, 60, 326-343.

Conners, J. L. (2005 a). Visual representations of the 2004 presidential campaign: Political cartoons and
popular culture references. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 479-487.

Conners, J. L. (1998 b). She’s not laughing: Political humor and Hillary Clinton’s campaign for President. In
T. F. Sheckels (Ed.), Cracked but not shattered: Hillary Rodham Clinton’s unsuccessful campaign.

Douglas (1975). Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation. in Maynard, Guest Editor, University
of Wisconsin, Madison Pp. 105-29.

Eagly, A. H. (1987). The science and politics of comparing women and men. American psychologist, 50,
145-158.

Gamble, T. K., and Michael W. Gamble. 2003. The Gender CommunicationConnection. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin.

Hawkesworth, M. (2003). Congressional Enactments of Race-Gender: Toward a Theory of Race-Gendered
Institutions, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

Jost, J.T., and Banaji, M.R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system justification and the production of
false consciousness. British journal of social psychology. 34, 240-345.

Lent, J. (2000). Cartooning and democratization world-wide. Gaborone: University of Botswana press.

O’Shaughnessy, M., & stadler, J. (2001). Media and society (2nd ed). Victoria: Oxford University Press.

Templin, C. (1999). Hillary Clinton as threat to gender norms: Cartoon images of the first lady. Journal of
Communication Inquiry, 23, 20-36.

Texier, C. (1990, April 22). Have women surrendered in MTV’s battle of the sexes? Nezo York Times, pp.
H29, H31.

Ralph, S. (1997). Still Life With Bottle. Houghton: Mifflin Harcourt.

Rafaie, E. (2009). Multiliteracies: how readers interpret political cartoons. Visual Communication, Volume
8 (181).

Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (1999 a). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men:
Implicationsfor the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 699-727.

Wood, J. T. (1994 b). Gendered Media: The influence of media on views of gender. Carolina: Wardsworth.