There are two objectives in this study, i.e. to examine age in relation to reasons for self-harm and religion in relation to reasons for self-harm. A total of 720 respondents who professed self-harm participated in this study, 48.1% (346) of whom are males and 51.9% (374), females. The reasons for self-harm were measured by the Self-Hurt Assessment, which has 2 main categories, namely, intrapersonal and interpersonal reasons for self-harm. The results of this study showed that intrapersonal reasons were the main reasons for self-harm among adolescents. However, interpersonal reasons for self-harm cannot be ignored because they were the second and third highest reasons given for self-harm. In terms of age, 13 year-old adolescents need to be given the most attention because this age has significant differences with age 16 (t= 91.397, p < .05), and age 14 ( t=70.435, p < .05) in relation to reasons for self-harm. Religion had no significant difference with reasons for self-harm (H=2.422, p >.05) confirming that religion is a protective factor as the analysis found that respondents had no reason for self-harm in this respect. This study points to the need for greater public awareness of the impact of adolescent self-harm behaviour. Prevention and intervention programmes are urgent requirements to help such adolescents. Also, parents need to pay more attention to their children‘s emotional and psychological wellbeing, apart from providing for their material needs.
Amit, B. H., Krivoy, A., Mansbach-Kleinfeld, I., Zalsman, G., Ponizovsky, A. M., Hoshen, M.,
Farbstein, I., Apter, A., Weizman, A., & Shoval, G. (2014). Religiosity is a protective factor against self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in Jewish adolescents: Findings from a nationally representative survey. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 29(8), 509–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.04.005
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. Norton.
Gardner, K. J., Paul, E., Selby, E. A., Klonsky, E. D., & Mars, B. (2021). Intrapersonal and interpersonal functions as pathways to future self-harm repetition and suicide attempts. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 688472.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.688472
Guan,T. E. (2014). Self-hurt behaviours among Malaysian Chinese adolescents. [Unpublished
doctoral dissertation]. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents.
Lancet (London, England), 379(9834), 2373–2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5
Kannan, K., Pillai, S. K., Gill, J. S., Hui, K. O., and Swami, V. (2010). Religious beliefs, coping skills
and responsibility to family as factors protecting against deliberate self-harm. South
`African Journal of Psychiatry. 16 (4), pp. 138-146.
https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v16i4.240
Klonsky, E. D., and Glenn, C. R. (2009). Assessing the functions of nonsuicidal self-injury:
psychometric properties of the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 215-219.
https://doi.org/10.1037/t38729-000
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities.
Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Kelly, M. L., & Hope, T. (1997). Self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents: Descriptive characteristics, provisional prevalence rate. Poster session at the annual meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
Lockwood, J., Daley, D., Townsend, E., & Sayal, K. (2017). Impulsivity and self-harm in
adolescence: a systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0915-5
Malkosh-Tshopp, E., Ratzon, R., Gizunterman, A., Levy T., Ben-Dor, D. H., Krivoy, A., Lubbad, N., Kohn, Y., Weizman, A., Shoval, G. (2020). The association of non-suicidal self-injurious and suicidal behaviors with religiosity in hospitalized Jewish adolescents. The Clinical Child Psychology Psychiatry,25(4),801-815.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104520918354
Nizam, M. (2012). Tingkah laku remaja [Adolescent behaviour]. Ministry of Health, Malaysia. http:www.myhealth.gov.my/mencederakan-diri-sendiri/
Moyer, M. S. (2005). Investigating and understanding self-harming behaviors in adolescents: A phenomenological study. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Texas A & M University.
Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2008). Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social
problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 76, 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.28
Ogle, R. L., & Clements, C. M. (2008) Deliberate self-harm and alcohol involvement in college-aged females: a controlled comparison in a nonclinical sample. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(4), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014325
Roe-Sepowitz, D. E. (2005). Indicators of self-mutilation: Youth in custody. [Unpublished
doctoral dissertation]. The Florida State University.
Rowe, S. L., French, R. S., Henderson, C., Ougrin, D.,Slade, M., & Moran, P. (2014). Help-seeking behavior and adolescent self-harm: A systematic review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,48(12), 1083-95.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867414555718
Sisask, M., Varnik, A., Kolves, K., Bertolote, J., & Bolhari, J., Botega, N., Fleischmann, A.,Vijayakumar, L., Wasserman, D. (2010). Is religiosity a protective factor against attempted suicide: A cross-cultural case-control study. Archives of Suicide Research ,14, 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110903479052
Tan, A. (2010). Nonsuicidal self-injury in an adolescent population in Singapore.
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Regent University.
Tatnell, R., Kelada, L., Hasking, P., & Martin, G. (2014). Longitudinal analysis of adolescent NSSI: the role of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(6), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9837-6
World Health Organization. (2014). What is mental health?
http://www.who.int/topics/mental-health/en/
In-Text Citation: (Kamaludin & Ee, 2022)
To Cite this Article: Kamaludin, N. B., & Ee, G. T. (2022). Age and Religion in Relation to Reasons for Self-Harm Among Adolescents. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(11), 527– 538.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode