Handicap/Disability remains a debilitating condition for the disabled/ handicapped and the caregivers, as they have to live and manage the condition in their life time (handicapped/disabled). The condition that affects motor ability, communicating ability, vision, thoughts, cognition, understanding, self-care, social interactions, education, usage of community amenities, self hygiene has both biological and environmental causes. Being a lifetime condition makes the management of this disability quite expensive, demanding the need for Government at various levels to take charge (management) of cases diagnosed as handicap/disability. This study x-rayed the etiology of major developmental crisis that mostly results in handicaps/disabilities, clinical psychological management and expected Government roles in the education, prevention, and management of the debilitating condition.
Ade, O., & Nuhu, F.T. (2012). Psychological Assessment and Management of an
autistic patient: A case report, unpublished.(APN Annual conference.).
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). DSM-IV text revision,Washington, DC.
Autism Society of America. (2006). Asperger’s Syndrome.
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). The Friendship Questionnaire: An
investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and
normal sex difference. Journal Autism Dev. Disorders, 33, 509-517.
Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Research and Epidemiology.
(2004). The epidemiology and etiology of autistic spectrum disorder: A pros
pective study . Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 7,
2005, from www.aboard.org/aboard/presentation/Levy/CADDRE_files/
Default.htm..
Cox, A., Rutter, M., Newman, S., & Barack, L. (2008). A comparative study of
infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder: II Pa-
rental characteristics. Brit. J. Psychiat., 126, 146-159.
Dahlgren, . Eur.J. Cog. Psychol., S., Sandberg, A.D., & Hjelmquist, E. (2003).The
non-specficity theory of mind deficits: Evidence from children with communic-
ative disabilities. Eur. J.Cog. Psychol., 15(1), 129-155.
Dawson, G., & Castelloe, P. (1992). Autism. In C.E Walker (Ed.). Clinical psyc-
hology: Historical and research foundation. New York: Plenium Press.
Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A.N., Osterling, J., & Brown, E. (1998). Children with
autism fail to orient to social stimuli. J. Autism Dev.Disorders, 28, 478-485.
DeLong, G.R. (2005). The cerebellum in autism. In M. Coleman (Ed.). The neur-
ology of autism (pp.75-90). New York: Oxford University Press.
Durand, V.M. & Barlow, D.H. (2002). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology (3rd.
Ed.). Wadsworth: Belmont, CA.
Escalante, P.R., Minshew, N.J., & Sweeney , J.A. (2003). Abnormal brain latera-
lization in high-functioning autism. J. Autism Dev. Disorders, 33, 539-543.
Federal Ministry of Health, (2013). Archives on importance of immunization.
Filipek, P.A. (1999). Neuroimaging in the developmental disorders: The state of
the science J.Child Pschol. Psychiat, 40(1), 113-128.
Fombone, E. (2003). Epidemiology surveys of autism and other pervasive develop
mental disorders: An update . J. Autism Dev. Disorders, 33, 365-382.
Frith, U. (2000). Cognitive explanation of autism. In K. Lee (Ed.), Childhood
Cognitive development: The essential readings. Essential readings in develop-
mental psychology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Gathercole, C. (2009). Basic knowledge in psychopathology. Irvington, NY: Fl-
at World Knowledge.
Hale, C.M., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2005). Social communication in children with
autism: The relationship between theory of mind and discourse development.
Autism, 9(2), 157-178.
Institute of Medicine (of the National Academies). (2004). Immunization safety
review: Autism and vaccines. Washington, DC: National Academics Press.
Kabot, S., Masi, W., & Segal, M. (2003). Advances in the diagnosis and treatment
of autism spectrum disorders. Profess. Psychol.; Res. Pract., 34(1), 26-33.
Kessler, R.C., Chiu, W.T., Demler, O., & Walters, E.E. (2005). Prevalence, seve-
rity, and comorbidty of 12- month DSM-IV disorders in the National Como-
rbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627.
National Centre on Learning Disabilities. (2010). http://www.nrcld.org/about/resea
Ch/states/section4.html.
Newschaffer, C., Fallin, D., & Lee, N.L. (2002). Heritable and non-heritable risk
factors for autistic spectrum disorders. Epidemiology Review, 24, 137-153.
Nuhu, F.T., & Ade, O. (2012). Medical and Psychological management of the
Handicapped: Paper Presentation APN Annual Conference Makurdi.
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. (2000). Oxford Advanced Learners Diction
ary.(4th ed., pp.538.). Oxford University Press. England.
Ozonoff, S., Dawson, G., & McPartland, J. (2002). A parent’s guide to Asperger
Syndrome and high-functioning autism: How to meet the challenges and help
Your child thrive. New York: Guilford Press.
Pierce, K., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Evidence for a cerebella role in reduced exp-
loration and stereotyped behavior in autism. Biol. Psychiat., 49(8), 655-664.
Pierce, K., & Courchesne, E. (2002). “A further support to the hypothesis of a link
between serotonin, autism and the cerebellum”: Reply . Biol. Psychiat., 52(2)
, 143.
Piven, J., Palmer, P., Jacobi, D., Childless, D., & Arndt, S. (1997). Broader autism
Phenotype: Evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism
families. Amer. J. Psuchiat., 154(2), 185-190.
Roazen, P. (1992). The rise and fall of Bruno Bettelheim. Psychohist. Rev., 20(3),.
221-250.
Rodier, P.M. (2000). The early origins of autism. Scientif. Amer., pp. 56-63.
Segen, J.C. (2006). Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine (illustrated). Mc
Graw-Hill.
Siegel, B., & Ficcagalia, M. (2006). Pervasive developmental disorders. In M.
Hersen & J.C. Thomas (series Eds.) & R.T. Ammerman (vol.Ed). Compre
hensive handbook of personality and psychopathology: vol.3 child psycho-
pathology (pp.254-71). Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
Simon, N. (2000). Autism’s home in the brain, Neurology, 54 (1),269.
Sohn, A., & Grayson, C. (2005). Parenting your Asperger child. New York:
Perigree.
Sudhalter, V., Cohen, I.L., Silverman, W., & Wolf-Schein, E.G. (1990). Con-
versational analyses of males with fragile X Down syndrome, and autism:
Comparison of the emergence of deviant language. Amer. J. Ment. Retard.,
94, 431-441.
Taylor, B., Miller, E., Farrington, C.P., Petropoulos, M.C., Favot-Mayaud,
I., Li, J., et al. (1999). Autism and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine:
No epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Lancet, 353, 2026-
2029.
Treffert, D.A. (1999). Pervasive developmental disorders. In S.D. Netherton,
Holmes & C.E. Walker (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychological
Disorders: A comprehensive textbook, New York: Oxford University
Press.
Wikipedia, (2013). Definitions and information on the psychology of the handic
apped.
World Health Organisation. (WHO). (2007). Information on the Handicapped.
Copyright: © 2014 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
