International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Understanding the Determinant Factors of Chronic Disease Behaviour among Malaysian Low-Income Workers: An Integrated Model Approach

Open access

Azrin Shah Bin Abu Bakar, Haliza Abdul Rahman, Ahmad Iqmer Nashriq Mohd Nazan , Hayati Kadir Shahar

Pages 245-260 Received: 08 Oct, 2022 Revised: 11 Nov, 2022 Published Online: 10 Dec, 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.46886/IJARBSS/v12-i14/11102
Chronic disease is a public health concern all around the world including Malaysia. It is reported to be increasing and becoming one of the major problems among the community. This issue, however, is poorly understood among low-income groups. The identifications of factors associated with chronic disease management behaviour are necessary as the strategies to reduce the prevalence of chronic disease and increase the quality of life and well-being among the unfortunate. Therefore, this study aims to understand chronic disease management behaviour among this vulnerable population. This paper illuminates the prospects via the literature overviews limitations that indicate the needs for an integrated model to identify factors influencing chronic disease management behaviour among low-income workers in Malaysia. Guided by an integrating of Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Socio Ecological Model were used to understand chronic disease management behaviors among low-income workers. Hence, this paper provides important insights about the determinants of chronic disease management behaviour among Malaysian low-income workers and proposes an integrated model with the hope of looking into driving testable hypotheses to provide empirical evidence.
Abegunde, D. O., Mathers, C. D., Adam, T., Ortegon, M., & Strong, K. (2007). The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet, 370(9603), 1929–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61696-1
Abraham, C., Norman, P., & Conner, M. (eds). (2000). Understanding and Changing Health Behaviour: From Health Beliefs to Self-regulation. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Press.
Adler, N. E., & Ostrove, J. M. (1999). Socioeconomic status and health: What we know and what we don't. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08101.x
Ahmad, J., Abu, R., Hamzah, R. (2003). Health Belief Model dan tingkah laku kesihatan. Paper presented at the Seminar Pasca Siswazah Dalam Pendidikan (GREduc 2013). 697–701. Universiti Putra Malaysia. Faculty of Educational Studies Abstract retrieved from: https://pdfslide.tips/documents/health-belief-model-dan-tingkah-laku-kesihatan-juwariah-ahmadpdf-teori-dan.html
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In Action Control; Kuhl, J., Beckmann, J., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 11–39. ISBN 978-3-642-69748-7.
Alefan, Q., Ibrahim, M. I, Razak, T. A., & Ayub, A. (2009). Cost of treating hypertension in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2, 1–5
Bakar, A. S. B. A., Rahman, H. A., Shahar, H. K., Nazan, A. I. N. M., & Idris, K. A (2020). Conceptual Framework of Factors Influencing Prevention-Related Practice Behaviors towards NonCommunicable Diseases (NCDs) of Low-Income Workers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(16), 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i16/8290
Barbeau, E. M., Krieger, N., & Soobader, M. J. (2004). Working class matters: socioeconomic disadvantage, race/ethnicity, gender, and smoking in NHIS 2000. American Journal of Public Health, 94(2), 269–278.https://doi. 10.2105/AJPH.94.2.269
Baron, S. L., Beard, S. K., Davis, L., Delp, L., Forst, L., Kidd-Taylor, A. K., … Welch, L. S. (2014). Promoting Integrated Approaches to Reducing Health Inequities Among Low-Income Workers: Applying a Social Ecological Framework. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57(5), 539–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22174
Biernat, E., & Tomaszewski, P. (2015). Association of socio-economic and demographic factors with physical activity of males and females aged 20–69 years. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 22(1):118-123. https://doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1141380
Blake, C.E., Wethington, E., Farrell, T. J, Bisogni, C. A., & Devine, C. M. (2011). Behavioral contexts, food-choice coping strategies, and dietary quality of a multiethnic sample of employed parents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 111(3), 401–407.https://doi.10.1016/j.jada.2010.11.012
Blane, D., Hart, C. L., Smith, G. D., Gillis, C. R., Hole, D. J, & Hawthorne, V. M. (1996). Association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with socioeconomic position during childhood and during adulthood. BMJ, 313(7070): 1434–1438.https://doi. 10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1434
Blum, R., Sudhinaraset, M., Emerson, M. R. (2012). Youth at risk: suicidal thoughts and attempts in Vietnam, China, and Taiwan. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50 (3), S37-S44.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.006.
Chee, H. L., Kandiah, M., Khalid, M., Shamsuddin, K., Jamaluddin, J., Mohd Nordin, N. A. M, … Osman, I. (2004). Body mass index and factors related to overweight among women workers in electronic factories in Peninsular Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 13, 248–254
Chee, H. P., Hazizi, A. S., Barakatun Nisak, M. Y., & Mohd Nasir, M. T. (2014). Metabolic Risk Factors among Government Employees in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 43(8), 1165 –1174
Chin, V. Y. W., & Noor, N. A. M. (2014). Sociocultural determinants of health and illness: A theoretical inquiry. GEOGRAFIA OnlineTM Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 49 – 59
Cox, T., Griffiths A., & Rial-Gonzalez, E. (2000). Work-Related Stress. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
Cowell, A. J. (2006). The relationship between education and health behavior: some empirical evidence. Health Economics, 15(2), 125 – 146. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1019
Detaille, S. I., Haafkens, J. A., & Van Dijk, F. J. H. (2003). What employees with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus and hearing loss need to cope at work. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 29(2), 134-42. 29: 134–142
Diem, G., Brownson, R. C., Grabauskas, V., Shatchkute, A., & Stachenko, S. (2015). Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases through evidence-based public health: implementing the NCD 2020 action plan. Global Health Promotion, 23(3), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975914567513
Disease Control Division (2006). Malaysia NCD Surveillance 2006: NCD risk factors in Malaysia. Ministry of Health, Malaysia
Eng, J. Y., Moy, F. M., & Bulgiba, A. (2016). Impact of a Workplace Health Promotion Program on Employees' Blood Pressure in a Public University. PLoS ONE, 11(2), 1–14.https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148307
European Chronic Diseases Alliance. (2017). Joint statement on Improving the employment of people with chronic diseases in Europe. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/policies/docs/2017_ chronic_framingdoc_en.pdf.
Freak-Poli, R., Wolfe, R., & Peeters, A. (2010). Risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in a working population with sedentary occupations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(11), 1132 –1137.https://doi.10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181f8da77
Fiidow, O. A., Huda, B. Z., & Salmiah, M. S. (2016). Socio-demographic Factors of Hypertension among Non-Academic Staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 3, 158 –168
Gawde, N. C., & Kurlikar, P. R. (2016). Chronic disease risk factors among hotel workers. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 20 (1), 14– 20. https://doi. 10.4103/0019-5278.183830
Gehlert, S., Sohmer, D., Sacks, T., Mininger, C., McClintock, M., & Olopade, O. (2008). Targeting health disparities: A model linking upstream determinants to downstream interventions. Health Aff (Millwood), 27(2), 339–349.https://doi. 10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.339
Gilman, S. E., Martin, L. T., Abrams, D. B., Kawachi, I., Kubzansky, L., Loucks, E. B, … Buka, S. L. (2008). Educational attainment and cigarette smoking: a causal association? International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(3), 615–624.https:// doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym250
Gochman, D. S. (1997). Handbook of Health Behavior Research II, Plenum Press, New York.
Gregson, J., Foerster, S. B., Orr, R., Jones, L., Benedict, J., Clarke, B., … Zotz, A. K. (2001). System, environmental, and policy changes: Using the social-ecological model as a framework for evaluating nutrition education and social marketing programs with lowincome audiences. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 33, S4–15.https://doi.10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60065-1
Heitzmann, K., Canagarajah, R.S., Siegel, P.B. (2002). Guidelines for assessing the sources of risk and vulnerability, Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 31372, The World Bank
Hu, D., Taylor, T., Blow, J., & Cooper, T. V. (2011). Multiple health behaviours: Patterns and correlates of diet and exercise in Hispanic college sample. Eating Behaviors, 12, 296-301. https://doi. 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.07.009
Hutch, D. J., Bouye, K. E., Skillen, E., Lee, C., Whitehead, L., & Rashid, J. R. (2011). Potential strategies to eliminate built environment disparities for disadvantaged and vulnerable communities. American Journal of Public Health, 101,587–595. https://doi. 10.2105/AJPH.2009.173872
Jain, S., Gupta, S. K., Gupta, S., Jain, V., & Jain, S. (2018). Knowledge of Modifiable Risk Factors of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDS): A Cross Sectional Study from Urban Slum Bhopal. National Journal of Community Medicine, 9(6), 443-47
Kassa, M. D., & Grace, J. (2018). Healthcare Professionals’ Perceptions of Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors and Its Regional Distribution in Ethiopia. Global Journal of Health Science, 10 (1), 88–97.https://doi. 10.5539/gjhs. v10n1p88
Kataria, I., Ngongo, C., Lim, S. C., Kocher, E., Kowal, P., Chandran, A., … Mustapha, F. I. (2020) Development and evaluation of a digital, community-based intervention to reduce noncommunicable disease risk in a low-resource urban setting in Malaysia: a research protocol. Implementation Science Communications, 7, 87,2–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-020-00080-y
Khalid, B. A. K., Rani, U., Lian, N.M., Kong, N. C. T., & Razak, T. A. (1990). Prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and renal disease amongst railway workers in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 45, 8–13
Kim, D., Kawachi, I., Hoorn, S. V., & Ezzati, M. (2008). Is inequality at the heart of it? Cross-country associations of income inequality with cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. Social Science & Medicine, 66(8),1719–1732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.030
Kim, I. G., & So, W. Y. (2014). The relationship between household income and physical activity in Korea. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(12), 1887–1889.https://doi.10.1589/jpts.26.1887
Kit, L. P., Abu Saad, H., Jamaluddin, R., & Phing, C. H. (2020). Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Primary Healthcare Workers in Perak, Malaysia. IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 19(1), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v19i1.1327
Kivimaki, M., Gimeno, D., Ferrie, J. E., Batty, G. D, Oksanen, T., Jokela, M., … Vahtera, J. (2009). Socioeconomic position, psychosocial work environment and cerebrovascular disease among women: the Finnish public sector study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38, 1265–1271. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn373
Krishnan, S., Sivaram, S., Anderson, B. O., Basu, P., Belinson, J. L., Bhatla, N., … Mehrotra, R. (2015) Using implementation science to advance cancer prevention in India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16, 3639–3644.https://doi.10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3639
Kumanyika, S. K., & Morrissink, C. B. (2006). Bridging domains in efforts to reduce disparities in health and health care. Health Education & Behavior, 33, 440–458.https://doi.10.1177/1090198106287730
Larsen, P. Chronicity. (2009). In: Lubkin IM, Larsen PD, editors. Chronic Illness: Impact and Intervention. (7th ed.) Jones and Bartlett; Boston, MA:3–24
La Torre, G., Sestili, C., Mannocci, A., Sinopoli, A., De Paolis, M., De Francesco, S., … De Giusti, M. (2018). Association between work related stress and health related quality of life: The impact of socio-demographic variables. A cross sectional study in a region of central Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1), 2–9. https://doi. 10.3390/ijerph15010159
Li, C. Y/, & Sung, F. C. (1999). A review of the healthy worker effect in occupational epidemiology. Occupational Medicine, 49(4):225-229.https://doi.10.1093/occmed/49.4.225
Lim, H. M., Chee, H., Kandiah, M., Shamsuddin, K., Jamaluddin, J., Nordin, N., … Shuib R. (2003). Dietary and other factors associated with overweight among women workers in two electronics factories in Selangor. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 9(2),105–24
Liu, Y. B, Liu, L., Li, Y. F., & Chen, Y. L. (2015). Relationship between Health Literacy, Health-Related Behaviors and Health Status: A Survey of Elderly Chinese. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12 (8), 9714 – 9725.https://doi.10.3390/ijerph120809714
Lorig, K. R., & Holman, H. (2003). Self-management education: history, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 26, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2601_01
Lua, G. W., Moy, F. M., & Atiya, A. (2004). Coronary heart disease risk assessment among the security staff in a public university. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 4 (1), 29–34
Mahadevan, M. (2016). Chronic Disease Self Management Behaviors of South Asian Women in an Inner- City Minority Neighborhood. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2016.04.233
Martin, A. R., Nieto, J. M., Ruiz, J. P., & Jimenez, L. E. (2008). Overweight and Obesity: The Role of Education, Employment and Income in Spanish Adults. Appetite, 51(2), 266-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.02.021
McDonald, K. (2003). Tackling chronic diseases: A conversation with Dr. James Marks. http://www.cdcfoundation.org/frontline/2003/tackling _chronic_diseases.aspx.
McLaren, L. (2007). Socioeconomic status and obesity. Epidemiologic Reviews, 29, 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxm001
McLeroy, K., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanzet, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15 (4), 351–377. doi:10.1177/109019818801500401
Meyer, J. D. (2014). Race-based job discrimination, disparities in job control, and their joint effects on health. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57(5), 587–595. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22255
Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2022). Direct Health-care Cost of Non-Communicable Disease in Malaysia (2022). Putrajaya Malaysia.
Mujahid, M. S., Diez Roux, A. V., Morenoff, J. D., Raghunathan, T. E., Cooper, R. S, Ni, H., … Shea, S. (2008). Neighborhood characteristics and hypertension. Epidemiology, 19(4), 590–598.https://doi. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181772cb2
Mulyati, L., Yetti, K., & Sukmarini, L. (2003). Analisis Faktor yang Memengaruhi Self-Management Behaviour pada Pasien Hipertensi. Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran. 1, 112–123
Muna, A. S., Azmi, M. A. H., & Izham, M. I. (2010). Evaluation of direct medical cost in treating hypertension in a malaysian public university. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 3,170–173
National Health and Morbidity Survey. (2015). National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015 (NHMS 2015). Vol. II: Non-Communicable Diseases, Risk Factors & Other Health Problems. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health Malaysia
Negin, J., Cumming, R., de Ramirez, S. S., Abimbola, S., & Sachs, S. E. (2011). Risk factors for non-communicable diseases among older adults in rural Africa. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 16(5), 640-6. https://doi.10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02739. x
Neira M. (2019). Environmental risks and non-communicable diseases. BMJ, 365 (1 Suppl): 17–19. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l265
Qistina, N. A. R., Afiah, N. M. Z., Moideen, A. M., & Rozali, A. (2021). Overweight and Obesity Among the Army Personnel with Low Socio-Economic Status in Kuala Lumpur: A Cross- Sectional Study. Research Square, 1–18.https://doi. 10.21203/rs.3.rs-307025/v1
Noar, S.M., Chabot, M., & Zimmerman, R.S. (2008). Applying health behaviour theory to multiple behaviour change: Considerations and approaches. Preventive Medicine, 46 (3), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.001
Oetzel, J.G., Ting-Toomey, S., & Rinderle, S. (2006). Conflict communication in contexts: A social ecological perspective. In J. G. Oetzel & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of conflict communication. 727-739. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
Pampel, F. C., Krueger, P. M., & Denney, J. T. (2010). Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Behaviors. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 349–370.https://doi.10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529
Pincus, Y., Esther, R., & DeWalt, D. A., & Callaghan, L. F. (1998). Social conditions and self-management are more powerful determinants of health than access to healthcare. Annals of Internal Medicine, 129(5), 406–11. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-5-199809010-00011
Promthet, S., Saranrittichai, K., Kamsa-ard, S., Senarak, W., Vatanasapt, P., & Wiangnon, S. (2011). Situation analysis of risk factors related to non-communicable diseases in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,12 (5), 1337–1340
Puig- Ribera, A., McKenna, J., Gilson, N., & Brown, W. J. (2008). Change in work day step counts, wellbeing and job performance in Catalan university employees: A randomized controlled trial. Promotion & Education, 15(4), 11–16.https://doi. 10.1177/1025382308097693
Rampal, L., Saeedi, P., Bezenjani, S. A., Salmiah, M. S., & Norlijah, O. (2012). Obesity and Associated Health Related Factors Among University Staff in Serdang, Malaysia. Malaysian Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 8 (2), 23–32
Reddy, S. P., Resnicow, K., James, S., Funani, I. N., Kambaran, N. S., Omarion, R. G., Masuka, P., Sewpaul, R., Vaughan, R. D., & Mbewu, A. (2012). Rapid increases in overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: Comparison of data from the South African national youth risk behaviour survey in 2002 and 2008. American Journal of Public Health, 102(2), 262–268.https://doi.10.2105/AJPH.2011.300222
Rockefeller Institute. (2013). Health Vulnerabilities of informal workers. Retrieved from: https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20130528214745/Health- Vulnerabilities-ofInformal-Workers.pdf
Ross, C. E., & Wu, C-L. (1995). The links between education and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 69, 719 – 745. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096319
Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006). An Ecological Approach to Creating More Physically Active Communities. Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 297–322. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100
Santiago, C. D., Wadsworth, M. E., & Stump, J. (2011). Socioeconomic status, neighborhood disadvantage, and poverty-related stress: Prospective effects on psychological syndromes among diverse lowincome families. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32, 218–230.https://doi.10.1016/j.joep.2009.10.008
Service, J. (2004). Workplace culture and mental health are interwoven. Healthcare Papers, 5(2), 72–75
Shamsul, A. Z. B., Jayashree, A., & Norhasmah, S. (2013). Food Consumption Patterns of Lower-Income Households in Rural Areas of Peninsular. Jurnal Pengguna Malaysia, 21, 141-163
Sherbourne, C. D., Hays, R. D., Ordway, L., DiMatteo, M. R., & Kravitz, R. L. (1992). Antecedents of adherence to medical recommendations: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(5), 447-468.https://doi.10.1007/BF00844941
Shimotsu, S. T., French, S. A., Gerlach, A. F., & Hannan, P. J. (2007). Worksite environment physical activity and healthy food choices: Measurement of the worksite food and physical activity environment at four metropolitan bus garages. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4,1–8. https://doi.10.1186/1479-5868-4-17
Silva-Matos, C., & Beran, D. (2012). Noncommunicable diseases in Mozambique: Risk factors, burden, response and outcomes to date. Globalization and Health, 8, 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-8-37
Slopen, N., Kontos, E. Z., Ryff, C. D., Ayanian, J. Z., Albert, M. A., & Williams, D. R. (2013). Psychosocial stress and cigarette smoking persistence, cessation, and relapse over 9–10 years: a prospective study of middle-aged adults in the United States. Cancer Causes Control, 224(10), 1849–1863.https://doi.10.1007/s10552-013-0262-5
Sorensen, G., Barbeau, E., Hunt, M. K., & Emmons, K. (2004). Reducing social disparities in tobacco use: a social contextual model for reducing tobacco use among blue-collar workers. American Journal of Public Health, 94(2), 230-9.https://doi. 10.2105/ajph.94.2.230
Sorensen, M., & Grill, D. L. (2008). Perceived barriers to physical activity across Norwegian adult age groups, gender and stages of change. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 18(5), 651-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00686.x
Sorensen, G., Landsbergis, P., Hammer, L., Amick, B. C., Linnan, L., Yancey, A., Welch, L. S., Goetzel, R. Z., Flannery, K. M., Pratt, C. (2011). Preventing chronic disease in the workplace: a workshop report and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 101(Suppl 1): S196–S207.https://doi.10.2105/AJPH.2010.300075
Stelmach, W., Kaczmarczyk-Chalas, K., Bielecki, W., Stelmach, I., & Drygas W. (2004). How income and education contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the elderly in a former Communist country. Public Health, 118(6), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2003.12.012
Stewart, M., Brown, J. B., Donner, A., McWhinney, I. R., Oates, J., & Weston, W. W. (2000). The impact of patient-centered care on patient outcomes. Journal of family practice, 49(9), 796-804
Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: Toward a social ecology of health promotion. American Psychologist, 47(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.47.1.6
Stokols, D. (1996). Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10 (4), 282–298. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-10.4.282
Story, M., Kaphingst, K. M., Robinson-O’brien, R., & Glanz, K. (2008). Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 253–272. https://doi. 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090926
Stringhini, S., Carmeli, C., Jokela, M., Avendano, M., Muennig, P., Guida, F, Ricceri, F., d'Errico, A., Barros, H., Bochud, M., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Costa, G., Delpierre, C., Fraga, S., Goldberg, M., Giles, G. G., Krogh, V., Kelly-Irving, M., Layte, R., Lasserre, A. M., Marmot, M. G., Preisig, M., Shipley, M. J., Vollenweider, P., Zins, M., Kawachi, I., Steptoe, A., Mackenbach, J. P., Vineis, P., Kivimaki, M., & LIFEPATH consortium. (2017). Socioeconomic status and the 25× 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1· 7 million men and women. Lancet, 389 (10075), 1229 – 12237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32380-7
Su, T., Azzani, M., Tan, F. L., Loh, S. Y. (2018). Breast cancer survivors: return to work and wage loss in selected hospitals in Malaysia. Support Care Cancer, 26(5), 1617–1624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3987-y
Taylor, D., Bury, M., Campling, N., Carter, S., Garfied, S., Newbould, J., & Rennie, T. A. (2007). Review of the Use of the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) to Study and Predict Health Related Behaviour Change; Department of Health: London, UK.
Thakur, J. S., Prinja, S., Garg, C. C., Mendis, S., & Menabde, N. (2011). Social and Economic Implications of Noncommunicable diseases in India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 36 (Suppl 1), S13–22.https://doi.10.4103/0970-0218.94704
UK Department of Health. (2004). Chronic disease management: A compendium of information. London: Department of Health Publications. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/ DH_062820
Ustun, A. P., Deventer, E. V., Mudu, P., Lendrum, D. C., Vickers, C., Ivanov, I., Forastiere, F., Gumy, S., Dora, C., Adair-Rohani, H.,
Viswanathan, M., Golin, C. E., Jones, C. D., Ashok, M., Blalock, S. J., Wines, R. C., L Coker-Schwimmer, E. J., Rosen, D. L., Sista, P., & Lohr, K. N. (2012). Interventions to improve adherence to self-administered medications for chronic diseases in the United States: a systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 157(11), 785-95. 157, 785–795. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-11-201212040-00538
Wang, E. A., McGinnis, K. A., Goulet, J., Bryant, K., Gibert, C., Leaf, D. A., ... for the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Project Team. (2015). Food insecurity and health: data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Public Health Reports, 130(3), 61– 68. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491513000313
Wilcox, S., Bopp, M., Oberrecht, L., Kammermann, S. K., & McElmurray, C. T. (2003). Psychosocial and perceived environmental correlates of physical activity in rural and older African american and white women. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 58 (6), 329-37. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.6.P329
Wilkinson, D., & McDougall, R. (2007). Primary trauma care. Anaesthesia, 62(1), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05301.x
Wilkinson, A., & Whitehead, L. (2009). Evolution of the concept of self-care and implications for nurses: a literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 1143–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.12.011
Woolf, S. H., Dekker, M. M., Byrne, F. R., & Miller, W. D. (2011). Citizen-centered health promotion: building collaborations to facilitate healthy living. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.025
World Health Organization. (2005a). Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment: WHO global report. Geneva: World Health Organization
World Health Organization. (2008). Chronic diseases and health promotion. http://www.who.int/chp/en/
World Health Organization. (2012). Country health information profiles: Malaysia Web site. http://www.who.int/gho/countries/mys/country_profiles/en/index.html
World Health Organization. (2017). Noncommunicable Diseases: Progress Monitor 2017; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization. (2017). Protecting workers' health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/protecting-workers'-health.
World Health Organization. (2017). Noncommunicable Diseases: Progress Monitor 2017; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/258940
Yusuf, S., Reddy, S., Ounpuu, S., & Anand, S. (2001). Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation, 104(22)
In-Text Citation: (Bakar et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Bakar, A. S. B. A., Rahman, H. A., Nazan, A. I. N. M., & Shahar, H. K. (2022). Understanding the Determinant Factors of Chronic Disease Behaviour among Malaysian Low-Income Workers: An Integrated Model Approach. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(14), 245–260.