Fraud cases and financial anomalies are becoming order of the day in Nigerian reporting setting and these signal flaws in auditing and internal control monitoring mechanisms from various segments of the economy. To restore audit client and other stakeholder’s confidence and to provide enabling environment many strategies have been deployed by authorities to checkmate the daunting practice. This study used firm financial audit as a monitoring mechanisms utilizing audit pricing, audit tenure and auditor type to deter the debacle. A data was source from Thomson Reuters DataStream and firm financial reports from 2013-2021. The 2013-2014 were used for the lagging of variable as is germane prior to the deriving earnings management model. In the first phase, cross-sectional regression analysis of Roychowdhury (2006) models was performed using the 334 firm-year observations. In the second phase, the longitudinal panel data was analyzed using the two-step system Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM). Two key findings emerged from the data analyses. Firm External monitoring mechanism has dual effect in value addition and value reduction on the effectiveness of financial reporting quality in listed non-financial firms in Nigeria.
Adamu, A. I., Ishak, R. B., & Chandren, S. A. (2017). The Effect of Board Attributes on Real Earnings Management in Nigerian Financial Institutions. Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, 1(1), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.20448/2002.11.76.83
Al-rassas, A. H. (2015). Internal Monitoring Mechanisms and Earnings Quality?: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia. In Thesis. Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Al-shattarat, B. (2017). Real Eearnings Management Activities , Meeting Earnings Benchmarks and Future Performance?: UK Evidence. University of Plymouth.
Al-Thuneibat, A. A., Issa, R. T. I. Al, & Baker, R. A. A. (2012). Do audit tenure and firm size contribute to audit quality?? Empirical evidence from Jordan. Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 26(4), 318–334. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686901111124648
Alzoubi, S., & Saleem, E. (2016). Audit quality and earnings management?: evidence from Jordan. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 17(2), 2–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-09-2014-0089
Amran, N. A., & Bala, H. (2018). Audit Fees and Financial Reporting Quality: A Study of Listed Companies in Nigeria. International Review of Management and Business Research, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.30543/7-2(2018)-17
Andres, C. (2008). Large shareholders and firm performance — An empirical examination of founding-family ownership. Journal of Corporte Finance, 14, 431–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorp
Appelbaum, D. A., Kogan, A., & Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2018). Analytical procedures in external auditing: A comprehensive literature survey and framework for external audit analytics. Journal of Accounting Literature, 40(January), 83–101.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acclit.2018.01.001
Asthana, S., Khurana, I., & Raman, K. K. (2018). Fee competition among Big 4 auditors and audit quality. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-018-0714-9
Baatwah, S. R., Salleh, Z., & Ahmad, N. (2018). High-quality auditors vs . high-quality audit?: the reality in Oman. Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(3), 209–236.
Baltagi, B. H. (2010). Unbalanced Panel Data Models. 1–19.
Beattrice, A., & Dacian, D. (2014). Detecting Earnings Management: Insights from the last decade leading journals published research. Procedia Economics and Finance, 15(14), 695–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00542-5
Becker, C. L., Defond, M. L., Jiambalvo, J., & Subramanyam, K. R. (1998). The Effect of Audit Quality on Earnings Management. Contemporary Accounting Research, 15(1), 1–24.
Bhaumik, S., & Gregoriuo, A. (2009). Family ownership tunnelling and earnings management: A review of the literature. Journal of Economic Literature, 954. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1488917
Bonacchi, M., Cipolini, F., & Zarowin, P. (2016). Parents ’ Use of Subsidiaries to “ Push Down ” Earnings Management?: Evidence from Italy. Journal of Economic Literature, 2–50.
Boo, E. F., & Sharma, D. (2008). The association between corporate governance and audit fees of bank holding companies. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 8(1), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720700810853383
Bratten, B., & Causholli, M. (2017). Audit Firm Tenure , Bank Complexity , and Financial Reporting Quality. Journal of Accounting Literature, 3–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12427
Can, G. (2017). The Impact of Auditor Qualifications on Earnings Management of Companies Listed in Borsa ?stanbul Industrial Index. Journal of Economic Literature. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2978607
Chen, T.-Y., Gu, Z., Kubota, K., & Takehara, H. (2015). Accrual-Based and Real Activities Based Earnings Management Behavior of Family Firms in Japan. The Japanese Accounting Review, 5(2015), 21–47. https://doi.org/10.11640/tjar.5.2015.02
Cheng, Q. (2014). Family firm research – A review. China Journal of Accounting Research, 1` – 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2014.03.002
Chi, W., Lisic, L. L., & Pevzner, M. (2011). Is Enhanced Audit Quality Associated with Greater Real Earnings Management? 25(2), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-10025
Choi, J. H., Kim, J. B., & Zang, Y. (2010). Do abnormally high audit fees impair audit quality? Auditing, 29(2), 115–140. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2010.29.2.115
Coville, T. G., & Kleinman, G. (2012). Post-Sarbanes-Oxley changes in the composition of boards: Have they impacted spending for audit services? International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 9(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1057/jdg.2011.12
Darweesh, M. (2015). Correlations Between Corporate Governance, Financial Performance, and Market Value. Walden Universiity.
Davis, L. R., Soo, B. S., & Trompeter, G. M. (2009). Auditor tenure and the ability to meet or beat earnings forecasts. Contemporary Accounting Research, 26(2), 517–548. https://doi.org/10.1506/car.26.2.8
Dechow, P. M., Ge, W., & Schrand, C. M. (2010). Understanding Earnings Quality?: A Review of the Proxies , Their Determinants and Their Consequences. Journal of Accounting and Auditing, 50, 344–401.
Dechow, P. M., & Skinner, D. J. (2000). Earnings Management?: Reconciling the Views of Accounting Academics , Practitioners , and Regulators. Accounting Horizon, 14(2), 235–250.
Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., Sweeney, A. P., & Sloan, R. G. (1995). Detecting Earnings Management. American Accounting Association, 70(2), 193–225.
Dehkordi, H. F., & Makarem, N. (2011). The Effect of Size and Type of Auditor on Audit Quality. International Research Journal of Finance & Economics, 80(December 2011), 121–137. https://doi.org/Article
Garcia-Blandon, J., & Argiles, J. M. (2015). Audit firm tenure and independence: A comprehensive investigation of audit qualifications in Spain. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 24, 82–93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2015.02.001
Ghaleb, B. A. A., Kamardin, H., & Tabash, M. I. (2020). Family ownership concentration and real earnings management?: Empirical evidence from an emerging market. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1751488
Gisbert, A., & García, B. (2003). Earnings Management: A Literature Review. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 32(115), 311–323.
Goel, S. (2016). The Earnings Management Motivation?: Accrual Accounting vs . Cash Accounting. Autralian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 10(3), 48–66. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v10i3.4
Guindy, M., & Basuony, M. (2018). Audit Firm Tenure and Earnings Management: The Impact Of Changing Accounting Standards In UK Firms. The Journal of Developing Areas, 52(4), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2018.0058
Gujarati, D. (2004). Basic Econometrics. (fourth). The McGraw?Hill Companies.
Gupta, P. P., Krishnan, G. V., & Yu, W. (2011). Do Auditors Allow Earnings Management When Audit Fees are Low? Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1836829
Habbash, M. (2010). The Effectiveness of Corporate Governance and External Audit on Constraining Earnings Management Practice in the UK. PhD Thesis, 351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
Haga, J., Siekkinen, J., & Sundvik, D. (2015). A Neural Network Approach to Measure Real Activities Manipulation. Expert Systems Applications, 42(5), 2313–2322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.10.047
Haji-Abdullah, N. M., & Wan-Hussin, W. N. (2015). Related party transactions, audit committees and real earnings management: The moderating impact of family ownership. Advanced Science Letters, 21(6), 2033–2037.
https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.6195
Hegazy, M., Sabagh, A. Al, & Hamdy, R. (2014). The effect of audit firm size and age on the quality of audit work. Social Science Research Network, 3(1), 56–64.
Herrmann, D. (1996). Income Smoothing and Incentives by Operating Condition?: An Empirical Test Using Depreciation Changes in Japan. Jornal of Internal Accounting Auditing and Taxation, 5(2), 161–177.
Ibrahim, G., Bello, A., & Kargi, H. S. (2016). Audit Committee Attributes and Real Activities Manipulation of Listed Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 4(9), 963–976.
Ibrahim, G., Mansor, N., & Nasidi, M. (2020). Mediating Effect of Audit Committee Independence on the Link Between Firms Internal Governance Tunneling from Real Earnings Management. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i2/6920
Ilyasova, M. (2015). Do Client Specific Knowledge and Client Power Mediate the Relationship Between Auditor Tenure and Audit Effort in Big4 Accounting Firms Marianna Ilyasova Cypress , California. Trident University International.
Ismail, S., Sallehuddin, M. R., & Zhou, H. Y. (2015). Earnings Management and Corporate Governance in family controlled public listed firms in Malaysia. Academia Journal, 4(1), 1–12.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1998). Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.94043
Kamarudin, K. A., Dunstan, K. L., & van Zijl, T. (2012). The Effects of Non-Audit Services and Audit-Firm Tenure on Earnings Conservatism: Evidence from Family Firms in Malaysia. Social Science Research Network, January, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1534386
Kamat, M. S., & Kamat, M. M. (2013). Economic Reforms , Determinants and Stability of Dividends in a Dynamic Setting. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 7(1), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/15587891311300990
Kighir, A., Omar, N., & Mohamed, N. (2013). Opportunities , Motivations and Approaches of Earnings Management?: A structured theoretical Review of the Corporate Virus. International Journal of Auditing Technology, 1(3/4), 312–329.
Kim, S., & Yoo, J. (2017). Does R&D Expenditure with heavy Related Party Transactions Harm Firm Value? Sustainability Journal, 9(7), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071216
Krambia?Kapardis, M., Christodoulou, C., & Agathocleous, M. (2010). Neural networks?: the panacea in fraud detection?? Managerial Auditing Journal, 25(7), 659–678. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686901011061342
Krauß, P., Pronobis, P., & Zulch, H. (2015). Abnormal audit fees and audit quality: initial evidence from the German audit market. Journal of Business Economics, 85(1), 45–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-014-0709-5
Krauss, P., Quosigk, B., & Zülch, H. (2011). Differences in Auditing Practices - A Comparative Study of Audit Tenure Effects on Audit Quality between Germany and the United States. In Social Science Research Network (Issue 129). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967454
Krishnan, G. V. (2003). Does big 6 auditor industry expertise constrain earnings management? Accounting Horizons, 17(SUPPL.), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2003.17.s-1.1
Kyriakou, M. I., & Dimitras, A. I. (2018). Impact of auditor tenure on audit quality?: European Evidence. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(1).2018.31
Lemma, T., Negash, M., & Mlilo, M. (2013). Determinants of earnings management: Evidence from around the world. Journal of Economic Literature, 1–56. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2370926
Leung, S., Srinidhi, B., & Xie, L. (2017). Auditor Tenure, Information Asymmetry and Earnings Quality. Social Science Research Network, 1–54. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2941949
Lily, L., & Brooks, Z. (2015). Audit Firm Tenure , Audit Materiality , and Last-Minute Earnings Management. Journal of Forensic & Investigative Accounting, 7(1), 292–340.
Litt, B., Sharma, D. S., Simpson, T., & Tanyi, P. N. (2014). Audit partner rotation and financial reporting quality. Journal of Practice and Theory, 33(3), 59–86. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50753
Oscar, C. M., Emmanuel, E., & Nosakhare, Osazuwa, P. (2012). Audit Partner Tenure and Audit Quality?: An Empirical Analysis. Eurpopean Journal of Business and Management, 4(7), 154–163.
Piot, C., & Janin, R. (2005). Audit Quality and Earnings Management in France. Social Science Research Network, 1–47. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.830484
Roychowdhury, S. (2006). Earnings management through real activities manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(3), 335–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2006.01.002
Rusmanto, T. (2014). The effect of Earnings Management to issuance of Audit Qualification: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Business Studies, 6(1), 1–28.
Rusmin, R. (2005). Auditor Quality and Earnings Management?: Singaporean Evidence. Managerial Auditing Journal, 25(7). https://doi.org/10.1108/02686901011061324
Sani, A., Latif, R. A., & Al-dhamari, R. (2018). Can Big4 Auditors Mitigate the Real Earnings Management?? Evidence from Nigerian Listed Firms. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 8(2), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEBA/2018/44584
Saona, P., & Muro, L. (2018). Firm- and Country-Level Attributes as Determinants of Earnings Management: An Analysis for Latin American Firms. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(12), 2736–2764. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1410127
Shin, I. H., Sohn, S. K., & Park, S. (2019). Related Party Transactions and Income Smoothing?: New Evidence from Korea. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 00(00), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2019.1566011
Shirur, S. (2011). Tunneling vs Agency Effect: A Case Study of Enron and Satyam. VIKALPA, 36(3), 9–20.
Sohn, B. C. (2018). Do auditors care about real earnings management in their audit fee decisions? Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Economics, 25(1–2), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2016.1231580
Songini, L., & Gnan, L. (2015). Family Involvement and Agency Cost Control Mechanisms in Family Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 748–779. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12085
Sonu, C. H., Choi, A., Lee, J., & Ha, W. (2016). Audit partner ’ s length of audit experience and audit quality?: evidence from Korea. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 1625(November), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2016.1242428
Taktak, N. B., & Mbarki, I. (2014). Board Characteristics, External Auditing Quality and Earnings Management?: Evidence from the Tunisian banks. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 4(1), 79–96.
Tian, X., Yang, T., & Yu, T. R. (2018). Real Earnings Management in Family Firms: Evidence from Chinese Listed firms. International Journal of Revenue Management, 10(2), 77–106. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRM.2018.091814
Vladu, A. B., Negrea, L., & Sucala, L. (2010). Jones, Dechow and Kasznik Models Significance in the Romanian Economic Environment. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1), 253–266.
Wang, D. (2006). Founding family ownership and earnings quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 44(3), 619–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2006.00213.x
Watts, R. L., & Zimmerman, J. L. (1983). Agency Problems , Auditing , and the Theory of the Firm?: Some Evidence. In Journal of Law & Economics (Vol. 26, Issue 3, pp. 613–633).
Xudong, L., & Guo, Y. (2007). Abnormal Audit fees and Earnings Management Using Classification Shifting. In Social Science Research Network. California State University- East Bay.
Yasser, S., & Soliman, M. (2018). The effect of Audit Quality on Earnings Management in Developing Countries?: The Case of Egypt. International Research Journal of Applied Finance, 9(4), 216–232.
Zaharaddeen, M., Hasnah, K., & Abdul, L. R. (2016). Earnings Management?: A Case of Related Party Transactions. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, August 2017, 51–55.
Zhang, Z. (2015). Under-Performance of Listed Companies , Real Earnings Management and M & A?: Chinese Empirical Evidence. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Mnagement, 8(2), 322–334.
In-Text Citation: (Ibrahim et al., 2023)
To Cite this Article: Ibrahim, G., Mansor, N., Zakariyya, M. R., Abdulwahab, H. I., Aliyu, A. Y., & Ahmad, S. S. (2023). External Monitoring Mechanism and Financial Reporting Quality Tunnelling from REM Perspective in Listed non-financial Firms Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Public Policy and Governace, 9(1), 71–83.
Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode