Human trafficking is a clandestine, complex and global phenomenon involving almost all countries. History has it that the emergence and appearance of trafficking in persons are believed to have emanated from the slave trade era. However, the recent development in terms of defining the menace proved a difficulty that demonstrates continued human exploitation. This study is nearly the first attempt to critically look into the history of the anti-trafficking conventions as well as the current stands, which shows limited success in combating modern-day slavery. The investigation is a content analysis that uses scholarly published journals on human trafficking that identified the history and the current happenings within the anti-trafficking pacts or resolutions. The research explores how the human trafficking definition keeps changing over several decades to the present situation. The findings reveal contrasting and nuanced similar views and the research proffer the way forward.
Abadinsky, H. (2003) Organized Crime, 7th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Allain, J. (2018). Genealogies of human trafficking and slavery. Routledge Handbook of Human Trafficking. Routledge, New York.
Allain, J., & Bales, K. (2012). Slavery and its definition. Global Dialogue, 14(2), 6-14.
Alzgool, M. (2019). Nexus between Green HRM and Green Management towards Fostering Green Values. Management Science Letters, 9(12), 2073-2082.
Amiel, A. (2006). Integrating a human rights perspective into the European approach to combating the trafficking of women for sexual exploitation. Human Rights, 12, 5.
Anderson, B., & Davidson, J. O. C. (2004). Trafficking-a Demand Led Problem? Save the Children Sweden.
Andreas, P., & Nadelmann, E. A. (2008). Policing the globe: Criminalization and crime control in international relations. Oxford University Press.
Bonilla, T., & Mo, C. H. (2019). The evolution of human trafficking messaging in the United States and its effect on public opinion. Journal of Public Policy, 39(2), 201-234.
Bravo, K. E. (2007). Exploring the analogy between modern trafficking in humans and the trans-Atlantic slave trade, International Law Journal, 25(2), 207-209.
Bryant-Davis, T., & Tummala-Narra, P. (2017). Cultural oppression and human trafficking: Exploring the role of racism and ethnic bias. Women & Therapy, 40(1-2), 152-169.
Caudwell, J. (2018). Sporting events, the trafficking of women for sexual exploitation and human rights The Palgrave Handbook of Feminism and Sport, Leisure and Physical Education (pp. 537-556): Springer.
Chang, G., & Kim, K. (2007). Reconceptualizing approaches to human trafficking: New directions and perspectives from the field (s). Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties, 3(2), 317-344.
Chapdelaine, R. P. (2015). Linking History to Practice: Mapping the History of Nigeria as a Tool to Combat Human Trafficking Today. The Social Practice of Human Rights, 3, 1-2.
Chong, N. G. (2014). Human trafficking and sex industry: Does ethnicity and race matter? Journal of Intercultural Studies, 35(2), 196-213.
Chuang, J. (1998). Redirecting the debate over trafficking in women: Definitions, paradigms, and contexts. Human Rights Journal, 11, 65.
Davidson, J. O. C. (2017). The Presence of the Past: Lessons of history for anti-trafficking work. Anti-Trafficking Review, (9). 1-12.
Doezema, J. (1999). Loose women or lost women? The re-emergence of the myth of white slavery in contemporary discourses of trafficking in women. Gender issues, 18(1), 23-50.
Doezema, J. (2002). Who gets to choose? Coercion, consent, and the UN Trafficking Protocol. Gender & Development, 10(1), 20-27.
Dottridge, M. (2017). Trafficked and Exploited: The Urgent Need for Coherence in International Law. Revisiting the Law and Governance of Trafficking, Forced Labour and Modern Slavery, 59.
Duong, K. A. (2019). Human Trafficking and Migration: Examining the Issues from Gender and Policy Perspectives. The Palgrave
El Khoury, J. (2020). Combatting Human Trafficking in Lebanon: Prosecution, Protection, and Prevention. The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking, 1205-1217.
Eliot, L. B. (2019). We don’t recognize your freedom: Slavery, imperialism, and statelessness in the mid-nineteenth century Atlantic World. Atlantic Studies, 16(4), 482-501.
Enrile, A. (2017). Ending Human Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery: Freedom's Journey: SAGE Publications.
Farrell, A., Bouche, V., & Wolfe, D. (2019). Assessing the Impact of State Human Trafficking Legislation on Criminal Justice System Outcomes. Law & Policy, 41(2), 174-197.
Farrior, S. (1997). The international law on trafficking in women and children for prostitution: Making it live up to its potential. Human Rights Journal, 10, 213.
Gallagher, A. (2001). Human rights and the new UN protocols on trafficking and migrant smuggling: A preliminary analysis. Hum. Rts. Q., 23, 975.
Gallagher, A. T. (2017). The International Legal Definition of Traffi
In-Text Citation: (Usman, 2020)
To Cite this Article: Usman, U. M. (2020). Human Trafficking: History and the Recent Development. International Journal of Academic Research in Public Policy and Governace, 7(1), 1–10.
Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode