International Journal of Academic Research in Environment and Geography

search-icon

Green Wireless Networks for Iraq: Transitioning Wireless Base Stations to Renewable Energy

Open access
Iraqi wireless service providers rely heavily on fossil fuels to power their base stations (BSs), contributing to the country's environmental footprint. By adopting renewable energy, Iraqi Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) can benefit both the environment and the long-term viability of the telecommunications sector. This study serves as a review to analyze the potential benefits, challenges, and real-world implementation of renewable energy-based solutions for powering wireless BSs In Iraq, with a focus on solar, wind, biomass, and other indirect renewable energy sources (RESs). This study reviews the potential and challenges of renewable energy for powering Iraqi wireless BSs. A comprehensive search of various databases and sources identified relevant research focusing on the wireless BSs. Data on implementation, benefits, and challenges have been extracted and presented. We found that transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy reduces environmental impact and enhances sustainability. While infrastructure, investment limitations, and clear policies pose challenges, the potential for cleaner energy, energy security, and economic opportunities makes RESs a viable solution. The results emphasize the superiority of hybrid systems combining different RESs and its benefits. As a result, this study finds RESs a promising path for Iraq's wireless service providers, promoting environmental sustainability and economic viability.
Ahmed, A. Z., & Pavlyuchenko, D. A. (2019). Turning Iraq into a country of energy exporter through the exploitation of solar energy and vast desert land. E3S Web of Conferences, 114(201 9). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911405009
Abdul, O., Aswad, K., Ati, E. M., Latif, A. S., & Ajmi, R. N. (2023). The Future of Renewable Energy Programs in Iraq and Reality Between the Pollution Crisis and Renewable Energy Programs. 60| International Journal of of Pharmacy Research & Technology, 13(1), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijprt/13.01.08
Aderemi, B. A., Daniel Chowdhury, S. P., Olwal, T. O., & Abu-Mahfouz, A. M. (2018). Techno-economic feasibility of hybrid solar photovoltaic and battery energy storage power system for a mobile cellular base station in Soshanguve, South Africa. Energies, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061572
Ahmed, F., Naeem, M., Ejaz, W., Iqbal, M., & Anpalagan, A. (2018). Resource management in cellular base stations powered by renewable energy sources. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 112, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2018.03.021
Ahmed, F., Naeem, M., Ejaz, W., Iqbal, M., Anpalagan, A., & Kim, H. S. (2018). Renewable energy assisted traffic aware cellular base station energy cooperation. Energies, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010099
Al-Kayiem, H. H., & Mohammad, S. T. (2019). Potential of renewable energy resources with an emphasis on solar power in Iraq: An outlook. Resources, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010042
Al-Saffar, F., Salim, S., Sallam, S., & Jamal, M. (2021). Iraqi Electricity Sector Overview. In KAPITA’s Research. https://www.kapita.iq/content/issue/iraqi-electricity-sector-overview
Al-Wakeel, A. (2021). Local Energy Systems in Iraq: Neighbourhood Diesel Generators and Solar Photovoltaic Generation. Intech, Microgrids, 153.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95280
Al Essa, M. J. M. (2023). Energy assessments of a photovoltaic-wind-battery system for residential appliances in Iraq. Journal of Energy Storage, 59(December 2022), 106514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106514
Alhassany, H. D., Abbas, S. M., Tostado-Véliz, M., Vera, D., Kamel, S., & Jurado, F. (2022). Review of Bioenergy Potential from the Agriculture Sector in Iraq. Energies, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072678
Ali, M. B., Ali, S., Kazmi, A., Khan, S. N., & Abbas, M. F. (2023). Techno-economic assessment and optimization framework with energy storage for hybrid energy resources in base transceiver stations-based infrastructure across various climatic regions at a country scale. Journal of Energy Storage, 72(PA), 108036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108036
Aljumaily, M. S., & Almusawi, M. T. H. (2021). The roadmap towards 5G in Iraq: Challenges, Opportunities, and Required Procedures. 2021 International Conference on Advanced Computer Applications, ACA 2021, 166–170.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACA52198.2021.9626795
Alsharif, M. H. (2017). Comparative analysis of solar-powered base stations for green mobile networks. Energies, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081208
Alsharif, M. H., Kim, J., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Green and sustainable cellular base stations: An overview and future research directions. Energies, 10(5).
https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050587
Alsharif, M. H., Nordin, R., & Ismail, M. (2015). Energy optimisation of hybrid off-grid system for remote telecommunication base station deployment in Malaysia. Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2015(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-015-0284-7
Altai, H. D. S., Abed, F. T., Lazim, M. H., & ALRikabi, H. T. S. (2022). Analysis of the problems of electricity in Iraq and recommendations of methods of overcoming them. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 10(1), 607–614.
https://doi.org/10.21533/pen.v10i1.2722
América Móvil. (2022). 2022 Sustainability Report.
https://sustentabilidad.americamovil.com/portal/su/pdf/2022-Sustainability-Report.pdf
Areas, R. (2022). Renewable-Energy-Powered Cellular Base-Stations in Kuwait’s Rural Areas. Energies, 15(7), 1–29. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3390/en15072334
Asiacell Telecom. (2023). About Asiacell. https://www.asiacell.com/en/about
AT&T. (2022). Sustainability Summary.
https://sustainability.att.com/ViewFile?fileGuid=caddece7-1937-4b2a-ad18-ebb743d5da57
Atchou, W. (2020). FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SOLAR PV-FUEL CELL HYBRID POWER SYSTEM FOR REMOTE TELECOM BASE STATIONS IN GHANA ( A CASE STUDY OF BUDUBURAM ATC TELECOM BASE STATION ) (Issue Mre 10009820) [Regional Maritime University]. https://www.academia.edu/45121193/FEASIBILITY_STUDY_OF_SOLAR_PV_FUEL_CELL_HYBRID_POWER_SYSTEM_FOR_REMOTE_TELECOM_BASE_STATIONS_IN_GHANA_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_BUDUBURAM_ATC_TELECOM_BASE_STATION
Bahgaat, N. K. (2023). Estimation of renewable energy systems for mobile network based on real measurements using HOMER software in Egypt. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43877-2
Baidas, M. W., Alkandari, D. R., & Alrushoud, A. A. (2023). Grid-connected solar-powered cellular base-stations in Kuwait. Journal of Engineering Research, 11(3), 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2023.100104
Baidas, M. W., Hasaneya, R. W., Kamel, R. M., & Alanzi, S. S. (2021). Solar-powered cellular base stations in Kuwait: A case study. Energies, 14(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227494
BT Group. (2021). BT Group - Climate Change 2021 (Vol. 1). https://www.bt.com/bt-plc/assets/documents/digital-impact-and-sustainability/our-approach/our-policies-and-reports/bt-cpd-response-2021-climate.pdf
Chang, L., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., & Saydaliev, H. B. (2022). How do ICT and renewable energy impact sustainable development? Renewable Energy, 199(July), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.08.082
China Mobile. (2022). Sustainability Report.
https://chinamobileltd.com/en/ir/reports/ar2022/sd2022.pdf
Cordiner, S., Mulone, V., Giordani, A., Savino, M., Tomarchio, G., Malkow, T., Tsotridis, G., Pilenga, A., Karlsen, M. L., & Jensen, J. (2017). Fuel cell based Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for off-grid telecom stations: Data analysis from on field demonstration tests. Applied Energy, 192, 508–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.162
Darwish, A. S. K., & Sayigh, A. A. M. (1988). Wind energy potential in Iraq. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 27(1–3), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(88)90034-7
Deevela, N. R., Kandpal, T. C., & Singh, B. (2023). A review of renewable energy based power supply options for telecom towers. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(2), 2897–2964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-02917-7
Deutsche Telekom. (2022). Management & facts. https://www.cr-
report.telekom.com/2022/management-facts/strategy/cr-strategy-management
Ericsson. (2023). Mobile subscriptions outlook. Ericsson Mobility Report Data and Forecasts. https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/mobility-report/dataforecasts/mobile-subscriptions-outlook?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAloavBhBOEiwAbtAJO3pgb3w-GaYlBe0uyfgq1Cv4DzckpYarsDUgTw1-IN1rQ-1xvWJGFBoCJU0QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
Etisalat UAE. (2021). Sustainability Report 2021. In e&’s fourth annual sustainability repor (Vol. 65, Issue Icebef 2018). https://www.eand.com/content/dam/eand/en/system/docs/eand-sustainability-report-en-2021.pdf
Goel, S., & Ali, S. M. (2014). Cost analysis of solar/wind/diesel hybrid energy systems for telecom tower by using HOMER. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 4(2), 305–311. https://www.ijrer.org/ijrer/index.php/ijrer/article/view/1165
Gonzalez-Salazar, M. A., Morini, M., Pinelli, M., Spina, P. R., Venturini, M., Finkenrath, M., & Poganietz, W. R. (2014). Methodology for estimating biomass energy potential and its application to Colombia. Applied Energy, 136, 781–796.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.004
GSMA. (2014). Tower Power Africa?: Energy Challenges and Opportunities for the Mobile Industry in Africa (Issue September). https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Africa-Market-Report-GPM-final.pdf
GSMA. (2022). Iraq Facilitates 4G Rollout with Licence Extensions , Tech Neutrality (Issue March). https://www.gsma.com/publicpolicy/iraq-facilitates-4g-rollout-with-licence-extensions-tech-neutrality
GSMA. (2023). Mobile Net Zero State of the Industry on Climate Action 2023. https://www.gsma.com/betterfuture/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Mobile-Net-Zero-–-State-of-the-Industry-on-Climate-Action-2023.pdf
GSMA. (2024). Atheer Telecommunications Iraq Limited. https://www.gsma.com/get-involved/gsma-membership/gsma_orgs/atheer-telecommunications-iraq-limited/
Hassan, A. S., & Kadhum, J. H. (2021). Analysis The Intensity of CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in Iraq. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science, 32(2), 47–50.
https://doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v32i2.982
Hossain, M. S., Islam, K. Z., Jahid, A., Rahman, K. M., Ahmed, S., & Alsharif, M. H. (2020). Renewable energy-aware sustainable cellular networks with load balancing and energy-sharing technique. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22), 1–33.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229340
Hossain, M. S., Jahid, A., Islam, K. Z., Alsharif, M. H., & Rahman, M. F. (2020). Multi-objective optimum design of hybrid renewable energy system for sustainable energy supply to a green cellular networks. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9), 1–35.
https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12093536
Hossain, M. S., Jahid, A., Islam, K. Z., & Rahman, M. F. (2020). Solar PV and Biomass Resources-Based Sustainable Energy Supply for Off-Grid Cellular Base Stations. IEEE Access, 8, 53817–53840. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2978121
Hussain, Z. S., Alhayali, S., Dallalbashi, Z. E., Salih, T. K. M., & Yousif, M. K. (2022). A Look at the Wind Energy Prospects in Iraq: Review. Proceedings - 2022 International Conference on Engineering and MIS, ICEMIS 2022, 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIS56295.2022.9914119
IEA. (2020). Bioenergy, a sustainable solution. IEA Bioenergy.
https://www.ieabioenergy.com/bioenergy-a-sustainable-solution/
Ike, D. U., Adoghe, A. U., & Abdulkareem, A. (2014). Analysis Of Telecom Base Stations Powered By Solar Energy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY, 3(4), 369–374. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315706229_Analysis_Of_Telecom_Base_Stations_Powered_By_Solar_Energy
Intelligent Energy. (2013). Green Solutions for Telecom Towers?: Part II (Issue July). https://www.gsma.com/get-involved/gsma-membership/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Intelligent-Energy-Whitepaper-Green-Sol-telecom.pdf
Iraqi Agrometeorological Center. (2023). Monthly Report. https://agromet.gov.iq/eng/index.php
Islam, K. Z., Hossain, M. S., Ruhul Amin, B. M., Shafiullah, G. M., & Sohel, F. (2023). Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network. Energies, 16(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010169
Istepanian, H. H. (2018). Solar energy in IRAQ: From Outset to Offset (Issue October). https://iraqenergy.org/product/solar-energy-in-iraq-from-outset-to-offset-report/
Istepanian, H. H. (2020). Iraq Solar Energy: From Dawn to Dusk. In Al-Bayan Center (Issue July 2020). https://www.bayancenter.org/en/2020/07/2092/
Jung, K., Park, K., Ko, Y., & Alouini, M. (2021). < Renewable Energy-Enabled Cellular Networks >. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1563. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3967953
Kabir, A., Rehman, G., Gilani, S. M., Kitindi, E. J., Ul Abidin Jaffri, Z., & Abbasi, K. M. (2020). The role of caching in next generation cellular networks: A survey and research outlook. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 31(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.3702
Khalifa, Y. M., Syour, S. M., & Alargt, F. S. (2021). Optimal Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System Powering Mobile Radio Base Station in Libya. 2021 IEEE 1st International Maghreb Meeting of the Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering, MI-STA 2021 - Proceedings, May, 423–429. https://doi.org/10.1109/MI-STA52233.2021.9464498
Korek Telecom. (2024). About Korek. https://www.korektel.com/en/pages/about-us
La, T. V., Le Pennec, F., Comblet, F., & Elenga, S. (2014). 3.5 kW wind turbine for cellular base station: Radar cross section modelling and measurement. 2014 44th European Microwave Conference, 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1109/EuMC.2014.6986390
Lorincz, J., & Bule, I. (2013). Renewable energy sources for power supply of base station sites. International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking, 9(3), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.4018/jbdcn.2013070104
Malmodin, J., Lövehagen, N., Bergmark, P., & Lundén, D. (2024). ICT sector electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions – 2020 outcome. Elsevire, March, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102701
Maoulida, F., Rabah, D., Ganaoui, M. El, & Aboudou, K. M. (2021). PV-Wind-Diesel System for Energy Supply on Remote Area Applied for Telecommunication Towers in Comoros. Open Journal of Energy Efficiency, 10(02), 50–72. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojee.2021.102004
Mina, R., & Sakr, G. E. (2019). Design and optimization of a renewable-energy fully-hybrid power supply system in mobile radio access networks. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 9(3), 1339–1350. https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v9i3.9719.g7712
Mohammad, A. I. (2007). Estimation Wind Energy in Iraq. Almunstansiriyah University.
Mohammed, B., Abdullah, O. I., & Al-Tmimi, A. I. (2020). Investigation and analysis of wind turbines optimal locations and performance in Iraq. FME Transactions, 48(1), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.5937/fmet2001155B
Mohammed, S. A., Aljawadi, R. A., & Khessro, M. K. (2023). Photovoltage Energy Exploitation in Iraq: Overview of Obstacles and Solutions. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1213(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1213/1/012097
Mwanza, M., & Mapfumo, K. T. (2023). Techno-Economic Studies of Integration of Solar PV Technology in Telecommunications Sector for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Budiriro. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 13(4), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2023/v13i4268
Naffakh, J. Al, Qassab, M. R. Al, & Makhzoomi, Z. M. H. Al. (2021). Share of CO2 emissions in Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait from the combustion of fossil fuels: A statistical study. J. Res. Technol. Eng., 2(3), 114–120. https://www.jrte.org/2021/07/09/share-of-co2-emissions-in-iraq-saudi-arabia-and-kuwait-from-the-combustion-of-fossil-fuels-a-statistical-study/
Naji, A. S., & Enawi, H. H. (2023). Renewable Energy Resources in Iraq?: A Review. JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF BABILON for ENGINEERING SCIENCES, 31(4), 1–14.
https://www.journalofbabylon.com/index.php/JUBES/article/view/4661
Nikitas, G., Bhattacharya, S., & Vimalan, N. (2020). Wind energy. In Future Energy: Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for Our Planet. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102886-5.00016-5
NTT. (2023). Anovating a Sustainable Future for People and Planet.
https://group.ntt/en/csr/data/pdf/integrated_report2023e.pdf
Obeid, J. (2023). Iraq needs renewables, but they won’t solve its power problems without broader reforms. The Middle East Institute (MEI). https://www.mei.edu/publications/iraq-needs-renewables-they-wont-solve-its-power-problems-without-broader-reforms
Olatomiwa, L., Mekhilef, S., Huda, A. S. N., & Sanusi, K. (2015). Techno-economic analysis of hybrid PV–diesel–battery and PV–wind–diesel–battery power systems for mobile BTS: The way forward for rural development. Energy Science and Engineering, 3(4), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.71
Orange Telecom. (2023). Environmental commitment: Net Zero Carbon by 2040. https://www.orange.com/en/commitments/oranges-commitment/to-the-environment
Patrick, O. O. (2017). University of Nairobi: About the University of Nairobi (Issue July) [University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/101576/Owino%2CPatrick A_Evaluation of the Viability of Solar and Wind Power System Hybridization for Safaricom Off-grid Gsm Base Station Sites.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Rahman, A., Farrok, O., & Haque, M. M. (2022). Environmental impact of renewable energy source based electrical power plants: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, tidal, ocean, and osmotic. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 161(May 2021), 112279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112279
Rahman, M. A., Asif, S., Hossain, M. S., Alam, T., Reza, A. W., & Arefin, M. S. (2023). A Sustainable Approach to Reduce Power Consumption and Harmful Effects of Cellular Base Stations. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 569 LNNS(October 2022), 695–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19958-5_66
Saleh, N. M., Saleh, A. M., Hasan, R. A., & Mahdi, H. H. (2022). The Renewable, Sustainable, and Clean Energy in Iraq Between Reality and Ambition According to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data, 2022, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.58496/mjbd/2022/005
Sami, S. M., & Mahmood, A. L. (2021). Design and simulation of stand-alone photovoltaic system supplying bts in Iraq. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 12(1), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp463-473
Sharify, T. F. Y. Al, & Dallal, H. R. H. Al. (2022). The Evolution of Communication Engineering in Iraq. International Journal of Computational and Electronic Aspects in Engineering, 3(3), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.26706/ijceae.3.3.2210940
T-mobile. (2022). CONNECTING WITH PURPOSE. https://www.t-
mobile.com/content/dam/digx/tmobile/us/en/non-dynamic-media/pdf/T-Mobile-2022-Corporate-Responsibility-Report.pdf?icid=MGPO_TMO_U_TMOCPSOCRS_TJ00CL2MEEOXRINJX34553#page=52
Telefonica. (2022). Consolidated Management Report. https://www.telefonica.com/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2023/03/management-and-sustainability-esg-report-2022.pdf
Telefónica. (2023). Energy and climate change. https://www.telefonica.com/en/sustainability-innovation/environment/energy-and-climate-change/
The World Bank, & Solargis. (2019). Photovoltaic power potential.
https://globalsolaratlas.info/download/iraq
TRAI. (2017). Consultation Paper Approach towards Sustainable Telecommunications. https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Consultation_Paper_16_jan_2017_0.pdf
United Metric. (2023). Sustainability & Telecom Industry. https://jimdo-
storage.global.ssl.fastly.net/file/468307b0-885d-4bea-95fe-1eb6af01c1fa/Sustainability & Telecom Industry (2).pdf
Verizon. (2024). Green Bond Impact Report.
https://www.verizon.com/about/sites/default/files/Verizon-green-bond-impact-report-february-2024.pdf
Vodafone. (2023). Carbon Reduction Plan | Vodafone UK (Issue July). https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2023/08/carbon-reduction-plan1.pdf
Weather Atlas. (2023). Climate and monthly weather forecast Hit, Iraq. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/iraq/hit-climate
Wibowo, W. W., Astuti, Y. D. R. W., & Hudaya, C. (2018). Solar-Powered Base Transceiver Station. Proceedings - 2018 2nd International Conference on Green Energy and Applications, ICGEA 2018, 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGEA.2018.8356275
World Population Review. (2024). Where is Iraq in the World?
https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/iraq/location
Yahiaoui, N., & Sabrina, M. (2023). The Reality Of Renewable Energies In Algeria. TANMIYAT AL- RAFIDAIN(TANRA), 42(138), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.33899/tanra.1999.178634
Yaseen, M. J., Kasim, N. K., & Atwan, A. F. (2022). Prediction of the performance of a solar PV system in Baghdad, Iraq. 3rd International Conference on Mathematics and Applied, 2322(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2322/1/012079
Yassin, M. (2023). Scaling Up Iraq’s Energy Transition: Is Now the Right Time? Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS). https://auis.edu.krd/iris/publications/scaling-iraq’s-energy-transition-now-right-time#:~:text=Although wind and hydropower energy,hours of sunshine per year.
Yehia, M. A., Al-Taai, O. T., & Ibrahim, M. K. (2022). The Chemical Behavior of Greenhouse Gases and its Impact on Climate Change in Iraq. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65(February), 1373–1382. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJCHEM.2022.151633.6571
Zain Mobile Telecom. (2022). An inclusive Transition for Future Generations. In Zain Mobile Telecommunications Company. https://zain.com/SR2022/
Zegueur, A., Sebbagh, T., & Metatla, A. (2023). A Techno-Economic Study of a Hybrid PV–Wind–Diesel Standalone Power System for a Rural Telecommunication Station in Northeast Algeria. Engineering Proceedings, 56(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15250
Zeljkovi?, ?., Mrši?, P., Erceg, B., Leki?, ?., Kiti?, N., & Mati?, P. (2022). Optimal sizing of photovoltaic-wind-diesel-battery power supply for mobile telephony base stations. Energy, 242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122545
Zeng., Zhenzhong., Ziegler., D., A., Searchinger., Timothy., Yan., Long., Chen., Anping., Ju., Kunlu., Piao., Shilong., Li., Z., X., Laurent., Ciais., … F., E. (2019). A reversal in global terrestrial stilling and its implications for wind energy production. Nature Climate Change, 9(12), 979–985. https://doi.org/10. 1038/s41558-019-0622-6
In-Text Citation: (Albarazanchi, 2024)
To Cite this Article: Albarazanchi, K. S. K. (2024). Green Wireless Networks for Iraq: Transitioning Wireless Base Stations to Renewable Energy. International Journal of Academic Research in Environment & Geography, 10(1), 1–30.